Sikkim Manipal Univ. Sample Papers & Assignments

Production and Operation Management - 1

2010-04-19T09:15:00.001-07:00

1. ___________ is defined an autonomous defeats control. It is realized by quality control of the products and autonomous defeats control. It is stabilized through quality circles. Select any one of the following:

a. Auto motion
b. Mechanization
c. CYBER NATILE
d. Rational section

2. The type and quantity of material required are entered on a material requisition from called __________.

a. A kanhon
b. Andan
c. Yo-I-don
d. Justin Time

3. Yo-I-don mean _ _ _ _ _ _ _

a. Ready set Go
b. Start & Go
c. Get set Go
d. Quick start Go

4. __________ is considered a universal core —- monotony & therefore this is used to rotate —- synchronous with balancing of production operations.

a. Job rotation
b. Jon Evaluation
c. Meritt rating
d. Jobs satisfaction

5. Split – Core picking sis also referred to as _______.

a. Broken
b. Un broken Core
c. Semi Broken picking
d. Full picking

6. ________ involves picking order throughout the entire picking area.

a. Tom picking
b. Group picking
c. Travel picking
d. Picnic picking

7. In _________ order are routed from zone to zone in sequence whether or not there are picks to be made in any particular zone.

a. Chaining
b. Fastening
c. Sledging
d. Swinging

8. _________ is characterized by relatively large quantities of many item.

a. Retail order
b. Wholesale order
c. Monopoly order
d. Olga poly order

9. Cycle time reduction improved accommodate by, higher for sale, etc are value in improving customer service and provide _________ advantage.

a. Competitive
b. Monopolize
c. Imperfect competition
d. Perfect competition

10. Many of the benefits of mechanization and methods improvement in order fulfillment operation cannot be smart full and expressed is ____________ term.

a. Monetary
b. Pecuniary
c. Primary
d. Secondary

Marketing Management Questions - 1

2010-04-19T09:14:00.001-07:00

1. __________ represents MIS.

a. Marketing information system
b. Management information system
c. Both
d. None of the above

2. Certain components of MIS.

a. Internal records system
b. Marketing intelligence system
c. Marketing research
d. All of the above

3. __________ is a large number of organizations are using marketing to help their marketing manager make better decisions.

a. Decision support system
b. Marketing Research
c. Middlemen
d. All of the above

4. Which one is not a feature of marketing research?

a. Search for data.
b. It is systematic
c. It is a process
d. Organization behaviour analysis

5. Market measurement research includes.

a. Demand research
b. Motivation research
c. Market performance research
d. All of the above

6. Research design includes

a. Decision on data sources
b. Decision on Research approaches
c. Both of above
d. None of above

7. Which are the limitations of marketing Research?

a. Not an exact science
b. Limitations of time
c. It is not a Panacea
d. All of the above

8. State all the features which one is incorrect.

a. Search for data
b. It is systematic
c. It is a process
d. Maintenance of tools and techniques.

9. Undifferentiated marketing strategy in just the opposite of:

a. Market aggregation
b. Market segmentation
c. Market positioning
d. All of the above

10. Which one of the following marketing strategy is sales-oriented?

a. Concentrated market strategy
b. Differentiated market strategy
c. Undifferentiated market strategy
d. None

11. If the product is at the stage of growth on development.

a. Concentrated market strategy should be selected.
b. Differentiated market strategy
c. Undifferentiated market strategy
d. All the above

12. Training programme includes

a. Content of training
b. Evaluation
c. Both of above
d. None of above

13. Selection process includes the followings

a. Reference
b. Test
c. Medical
d. All of the above

14. The contents includes in sales force decision

a. Job analysis
b. Job description
c. Job specialization
d. All of the above

15. Procedure of selection under job description includes
a. Job responsibility
b. Duties to be performed
c. None of above
d. All of above

16. _________ and ________ employment exchanges are the best source of personnel.

a. Private, public
b. Sales, executives
c. Establishment, Industries
d. All of the above

17. ___________ is necessary information about the applicant is required to be considered for appointment.

a. Screening
b. Application blank
c. Test
d. All of above

18. _________ is a process by which applications are to be screened out from further consideration.

a. Screening
b. Reference
c. Test
d. All of the above

19. _________ it is an additional tool with the applications is further tested to determine their suitability to the job.

a. Test
b. Interview
c. Reference
d. All of above

20. ________ is a continuation of selection having selected the salesmen, there are two options.

a. Training
b. Reference
c. Interview
d. All of above

21. The ________ are the essential part in sales training.

a. Sales technique
b. The competition
c. Market and consumers
d. Routine reports

MB 0022 - 1

2010-04-19T09:11:00.001-07:00

1. Which of the following statements are not correct?

a) Intelligence activity phase of decision-making consist of searching the environment for conditions calling decision-making
b) Identification activity phase of decision making concerns with choice of particular course of action from among those available
c) Design activity phase of decision making consists of developing and analyzing possible courses of action
d) Programmed decisions are unique and not routine
e) Non- programmed decision are taken by the top-level management

A) 2 and 4
B) 3 and 5
C) 1 and 5
D) 3 and 4

2. Which of the following are the characteristics of the perceiver, which affet perceptual process?

a) Organizational setting
b) Needs of motives
c) Self concept
d) Ethics values and culture
e) Social setting
f) Past e
g) Past experiences
h) Current emotional state

A) 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7
B) 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7
C) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
D) All of them

3. Which of the following statement is not correct?

A) A positive reinforcement is a reward for a desired behaviour
B) Negative reinforcement results from withholding a threatened negative consequence when a desired behaviour occurs
C) Punishment consists of application of an undesirable behviour, which has never been associated with reward before
D) Conditioning consists of removing rewards from behaviour that were previously reinforced so that such behavio9ur would become less frequent

4. Which of the following statement relating to Maslow’s need hierarchy theory of motivation is not correct?

A) People have a wide range of needs, which motivate them to strive of fulfillment
B) People are not motivated to satisfy those needs that are perceived to be deficient
C) Human needs can be arranged into a hierarchy
D) Relative satisfaction lower level need is necessary to activate the next higher level need

5. Which of the following statement relating to Hertzbert theory of motivation is wrong?

A) If hygiene factors are maintained at proper level, they prevent negative type of motivation from occurring
B) When motivators are present, they lead to satisfaction and motivation
C) Hygiene factors lead to hundred percent motivation
D) When motivators are absent they prevent both satisfaction ad motivations

6. Match the following leadership skill with the constituents

Set A
1. Human skill
2. Conceptual skill
3. Technical skill
4. Personal skill

Set B
a) Knowledge of the competence in the principles, procedures and operations of a job
b) Empathy, objectivity, communication skill, teaching skill
c) Intelligence, emotional maturity, integrity, personal motivation, flexibility of mind
d) Ability to look at the enterprise as a whole to recognize the inter relation and dependence of functions in an organizations

A) 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
B) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
C) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d
D) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c

7. Which of the following statement is not correct?

A) Trait theory of leadership points out that the personal traits of a person make him an effective leader
B) The behavioral theory of leadership I based on the premise that effective leadership is the result of effective role behaviour
C) The situational theory of leadership holds that leadership is strongly affected by the situation from which a leader emerges and in which he works
D) The Greatman theory of leadership holds that moderate people can also be trained to become effective and successful leader

8. Which of the following statements are true?

1. Management is a technique of extracting work from others in an integrated and coordinated manner for realizing the specific objectives through productive use of material resources
2. Management is a universal activity
3. Management is a concerned only with individual effort
4. Management is a science as well as an Art
5. The principles of management are static
6. Management is tangible
7. Management is goal oriented
8. Management is not a profession

A) 1, 3, 6 and 7
B) 1, 2, 4 and 7
C) 2, 4, 5 and 8
D) All are true

9. The functions of middle management are

1. To understand the interlocking of determents in major policies
2. To supervise and guide and workers
3. To develop leaders for the future by board training and experience
4. To run the organization, leaving the top manager as free as possible of their responsibilities
5. Determining the objectives the firm
6. To solve problems and grievances of workers
7. To provide training to the workers
8. To achieve the coordination between the different parts of the organization

A) 1, 3, 4 and 8
B) 1, 2, 6 and 7
C) 2, 5, 6 and 8
D) All of them

10. Which of the following statements are wrong?

1. According to Skimmer’s behavioristic learning theory of personality behaviour is unpredictable and uncontrollable
2. The social learning theory uses reinforcement and punishment approach in understanding personality
3. Albert Bandura’s social learning theory of personality depicts psychological functioning in terms of the continuous reciprocal interaction of behavioral cognitive and environmental influences
4. Attitude is an enduring attribute of a person that appears constantly in a variety of situations
5. According to Carl Jung introverts are people who are less sociable and absorbed in inner life
6. According to Allport, personality is the dynamic organization of those internal psychological systems that determine a person’s characteristic behaviour

A) 1 and 5
B) 4 and 6
C) 2 and 3
D) 1 and 4

Management Information System - 2

2010-04-19T09:09:00.001-07:00

1. Junior level management has the responsibility of implementing _______ Operations

a) Day to day
b) Tactical
c) Strategic
d) Organization

2. _____ planning Formulates policies to govern use and disposition of the resource

a) Strategic Planning
b) Management control
c) Operation contest
d) Strategic and Operational control

3. The junior level of management/organization needs information for

A) Operations scheduling
B) Operations control
C) Planning and scheduling
D) Both A) and B)

4. The management control system enables the manager to

A) Assure that actual activities conform to the planned activities
B) To take the corrective action in case of any deviation in the actual and planned activities
C) To control the management
D) Both A) and B)

5. State which of the following statements are true

a) Management Information System generate the data
b) The data will be collected, recorded and stored after it has been generated by business operations in an organization

A) Only b)
B) Only a)
C) Both a) and b)
D) None of the above

6. The management-oriented feature of MIS refers to a feature i.e.

A) The MIS provides information to the people at all levels
B) Only provides information to top level people
C) Only operational level people can get information
D) None of the above

7. Systemic approach to MIS brings high degree of ______ in the business process

A) Control
B) Professionalism
C) Concern
D) Both B) and C)

8. Strategic MIS supplies an organization with

A) Structured information
B) Unstructured information
C) Business intelligence
D) None of the above

9.____ is the mode of checking the program of plan and correcting the deviations

a) Controlling
b) Planning
c) Directing
d) None

10. ISS stands for

A) Information Support System
B) Intelligent Support System
C) Intelligent Systems & Services
D) Information System & Services

11. Processed data is called

A) Data processing
B) Information processing
C) Information
D) Data conversion

12. Non Action information is

A) Unattended data
B) Unprocessed data
C) Unnoticed data information
D) A) or C)

13. IRM stands for

A) Internal Resource Management
B) Information Resource Management
C) Integrated Resource Management
D) Integral Resource Management

14. An attribute could have ___________ value

A) Logical or physical
B) Single or multiple
C) Sequential or relational
D) Internal and external

15. The E-R diagram shows ______________ types of relationships

A) Logical
B) 3
C) Hierarchical
D) Relational

16. A distributed database is distributed over systems located in _______________

A) Different places in an organization
B) Different geographic areas
C) Different computer hardware
D) Different networks

17. Object Oriented-programming views programming as a series of interactions among objects rather than ______

A) Functions
B) Procedures
C) Statements
D) All of the above

18. Database that handles varieties of data objects is called

A) RDBMS
B) Multimedia database
C) Object-Oriented DBS
D) Client server databases

19. The decision making model was originally proposed by

A) Michel Porter
B) James Obrien
C) Herbert Simon
D) None of the above

20. Model management system is a component of

A) EIS
B) DSS
C) AIS
D) Expert system

anagement Process and Organisation Behaviour - 1

2010-04-19T09:03:00.001-07:00

1. —means power to make others act in a predetermined manner.

A. Authority
B. Responsibility
C. Motivation
D. Delegation

2. — assumes direct responsibility in the conduct of the business and in the realization of stated goals and objectives.

A. Administrative management
B. Operative management
C. Both A) and B)
D. None of the above

3. PODSCORB stands for

A. Planning, Organizing, Demanding, Subordinate, Controlling, Reporting and Bargaining
B. Planning, Organizing, Discussing, Scheduling, Controlling, Rescheduling and Budgeting
C. Planning, Organizing, Directing, Staffing Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting
D. Planning, Organizing, Discussing, Staffing, Communicating, Reporting and Budgeting

4. —are needed to convert the disorganized resources of men, machines, money and materials into a useful and effective enterprise.

A. Supervisors
B. Foremen
C. Shareholders
D. Managers

5. A — is a predetermined course of action to accomplish the set objectives.

A. Budget
B. Project
C. Plan
D. Policy

6. The external environment covers —factors.

A. Uncontrollable
B. Controllable
C. Predictable
D. Unpredictable

a. 1 and 4
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 2 and 4

7. — is the heart of planning process.

A. Motivating
B. Directing
C. Controlling
D. Decision making

8. The principle of organization which holds that each person should be accountable to a single superior is

A. Unity of direction
B. Unity of command
C. Span of management
D. Delegation

9. Security of tenure is an example for — based motivational technique.

A. Monetary
B. Job
C. Leadership
D. MBO

10. — involves the development of unity of purpose and the harmonious implementation of plans for the achievement of the desired ends.

A. Organizing
B. Communication
C. Coordination
D. Directing

11. — is termed as ‘gape – vine’

A. Formal Communication
B. Horizontal communication
C. Oral Communication
D. Informal Communication

12. — is the process by which information enters our mind and is interpreted in order to give some sensible meaning to the world around us.

A. Values
B. Perception
C. Attitude
D. Personality

13. Intrapsychie theory of personality was developed by

A. Sigmund Freud
B. Sheldon
C. Carl Jung
D. Skinner

14. Which of the following is a similarly among individuals?

A. Compensation Plan type
B. Intelligence
C. Schedule of work
D. Style of Supervision

15. Extrovert-introvert theory was propounded by

A. Freud
B. Carl Jung
C. Gordon Allport
D. Sheldon

16. The part of john window representing the aspects of person, which he is unware of and others do not know either is

A. Public area
B. Private Area
C. Dark Area
D. Blind Area

17. —refer establishing certain categories which certain characteristics or attributes in our minds

A. Stereotyping
B. Projection
C. Expectancy
D. Halo effect

18. —is defined as a more or less stable set of predisposition of opinion, internet or purpose involving expectancy of a certain kind of experience and a readiness with an appropriate response.

A. Attribute
B. Value
C. Attitude
D. Ethics

19. In — a person learns something through the observance of others.

A. Classical conditioning
B. Attitude acquisition
C. Operant conditioning
D. Vicarious learning

20. Which of the following is not an external factor that influences business environment?

A. Operational change
B. Economic change
C. Technological change
D. Sociological change

Management Information System - 1

2010-04-19T09:00:00.000-07:00

1. Goal seeking is the process of determining the ________ required to active a certain goal

A) Input value
B) Data
C) Information
D) Intelligence

2. Operation models are also called as

A) Statistical analysis
B) Mathematical analysis
C) Forecasting models
D) OR models

3. Correlation between one or two variable is identified in

A) OR models
B) Regression models
C) ABC analysis models
D) Relation models

4. FOCUS is a ________ programming language

A) 3rd generation
B) 4th generation
C) AI
D) Expert system

5. CSCW stands for

A) Computer System & Collaborative Workstation
B) Computer Supported Collaborative Workstation
C) Computer Supported Collaborative Work
D) Computer System Cooperative Work

6. A system that enables to post ones idea and draw responses is called

A) Groupware
B) Teleconferencing
B) Electronic bulletin board
D) Telecommuting

7. The electromechanical manipulator with Artificial Intelligence is _______

A) Expert System
B) DSS
C) Group DSS
D) Robot

8. The concept of forward chaining is also know as

A) Fast forward
B) Forward reasoning
C) Linear chaining
D) Control reasoning

9. Document Management is a __________

A) DSS
B) Office Information System
C) TPS
D) ES

10. The critical business processes are those, which contribute to the ____________

A) Cost of the process
B) Value
C) Time taken to perform the task
D) People involved in doing the specific processes

11. The major disadvantage of an Expert System (ES) is that

A) They cannot apply to structured information
B) They cannot apply to unstructured information
C) They cannot apply to internal information
D) None of the above

12. The utility of information is high if it matches the

A) Cost
B) Quantity
C) Requirement of the user
D) Satisfaction of the user

13. The method of data processing measurement and collection methods is ______ factors in and organization

A) Controllable
B) Uncontrollable
C) High impact
D) Informal

14. _______ is formal, social units devoted to attainment of specific goals

a) Management
b) Organization
c) Operation Control
d) MIS

15. In the organization authority concentrates in the hands of ________

a) Top most
b) Middle
c) Lower
d) None of these

16. ____ is the mode of checking the program of plan and correcting the deviations

a) Controlling
b) Planning
c) Directing
d) None

17. Top level management in otherwise called _____ management

a) Strategic
b) Tactical
c) Operational
d) Controlling

18. _____ Level management has the responsibility of implementing over all plans.

a) Middle Level
b) Top level
c) Lower level
d) None of these

19. Military organization is the synonym for

A) Functional organization
B) Nuclear organization
C) Vertical organization
D) Both A) and C)

20. The organization where the authority flows functionally to the division heads is called

A) Division of labor organization
B) Authority organization
C) Functional organization
E) None of the above

Financial Management Questions - 1

2010-04-19T08:58:00.000-07:00

1. While evaluating two or more projects, project giving a ———–
IRR would be preferred.

A) Lower
B) higher
C) Equal
D) less than equal

2. Present value method always provides for correct ranking of mutually exclusive investment projects, whereas———— methods sometimes does not.

A) Profitability index
B) IRR
C) Payback period
D) Net present value

3. Which concepts represent excess of current assets over current liabilities?

A) Working capital
B) Gross working capital
C) Net working capital
D) Going concern concept

4. ———- working capital represents current assets required on a continuous basis over the entire year.

A) Gross
B) Permanent
C) Variable
D) Net

5. Tandon committee has referred which of the following working capital as core current assets.

A) Regular
B) Net
C) Temporary
D) Gross

6. When current liabilities exceed current assets——- working capital emerges.

A) Positive
B) Cash
C) Negative
D) Balance sheet

7. Which of the following is the process of life cycle of working capital of trading firm?

A) Conversion of cash into raw materials
B) Conversion of debtors into cash
C) Cash into inventories
D) Conversion of work in progress

8. Which of the following is not the internal factor of determining working capital?

A) Profit margin & dividend policy
B) Access to money market
C) Firm’s credit policy
D) Technological developments

9. Where production &distribution activities are——– pressure on working capital will be———.

A) minimized, co-ordination
B) co-ordination, minimized
C) maximized, co-ordination
D) co-ordination, maximized

10. Business expands during the period of ——— & declines during the period of———–

A) inflation, depression
B) prosperity, depression
C) depression, prosperity
D deflation, inflation

11. Just in time approach is developed in————–

A) China
B) India
C) Japan
D) Australia

12. Throughput time= Processing time = ——– + Conveyance time waiting time.

A) Factory time
B) Perfect time
C) Inspection time
D) Lead time

13. The major sources of spontaneous financing are—— & ———-

A) trade credit, outstanding expenses
B) short term bank loans, commercial papers
C) trade credit, commercial papers
D) debentures, trade credits

14. LIFO stands for

A) Leave in first out
C) Lead in first out
B) Last in first out
D) Last in first operation

15. Which of the following is a not determinant of inventory of finished goods?

A) Change in economic conditions
B) Durability &style of product
C) Business cycle
D) Attitude of mgmt.

16. ———should be followed while financing different components of working capital.

A) Principle of optimization
B) Principle of investment in working capital
C) Principle of optimization of profit
D) Principle of suitability

17. According to——— approach all requirements of funds should be met from long term sources.

A) Matching
B) Conservative
C) Aggressive
D) Suitability

18. The return that must be paid to the suppliers of capital is known as——-
A) Interests
B) Capital
C) Cost of capital
D) Dividend

19. Which of the following is not the name of cost of capital?

A) Barrier rate
B) Minimum attractive rate of return
C) Cost of funds
D) Discount rate

20. ——— cost of capital is also known as opportunity cost of capital.

A) Explicit
B) Implicit
C) Opportunity
D) Historical

Project Management MB0033 - 2

2010-04-19T08:57:00.001-07:00

1. The purpose of ________ is to communicate a visually oriented “lllllll” view of the projects status.

a. Project status
b. Overview of project status
c. Concerns
d. Product status

2. __________ is the data when the investment seems to generate a positive return.

a. Break even point
b. Return on investment
c. Post review
d. All of the above

3. ___________ is the maintaining & reporting of program accomplishment, particularly progress towards pre established goals.

a. Break ever point
b. Return on investment
c. Performance measurement
d. None of the above

4. __________ involves identifying potential problems (risks), analyzing those risks, planning to manage them, & receiving them.

a. Break even point
b. Risk management
c. Risk analysis
d. Risk planning

5. The different steps of risk management are

i. Risk identification
ii. Risk analysis
iii. Risk management
iv. Risk review
v. Risk assessment
a. I, ii, iii, iv
b. ii, iii, iv, v
c. i, iii, iv, v
d. i, iii, v

6. _________ is the value of the work completed.

a. Capital value
b. Earned value
c. Corporate value
d. None of the above

7. Risk identification can be done using a ________ session.

a. Risk assessment
b. Risk identification
c. Risk analysis
d. None of the above

8. Risk identification can be done using a ______ session.

a. Risk Brainstorming
b. Risk management
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

9. SCM stands for

a. Supply chain management
b. Supply chain monitoring
c. Supply chain maintenance
d. None of the above

10. _______ shows the hierarchic structure of the process documentation.

a. Work package
b. Function tree
c. Processes
d. Sub-process

11. _______ describes a process based on the chronological as well as the logical interdependencies.

a. Process documentation
b. Process chain
c. Process interface
d. Cluster

12. _______ is an object that represents a work package a process or sub process.

a. Process chain
b. Function
c. Edge
d. Event

13. ________ is an information object that cons lines different entity types and describes which information is needed for a successful fulfillment of the function or which information is created by fulfilling the function.

a. Process interface
b. Document
c. Cluster
d. Event

Project Management MB0033 - 1

2010-04-19T08:54:00.000-07:00

1. ______ and _______ mandates ensure that technology initiatives are implements at acceptable costs within reasonable & expected time frames.

a. Rules and regulations
b. Legislative and regulatory
c. Government and regulatory
d. Rules and legislation

2. Two methods of review briefings are

a. First time and second time
b. First time and standard tine
c. First time and ongoing
d. None of the above

3. ______ review is initial briefing that occurs where a project is first added to the review portfolio.

a. First time
b. Standard time
c. Ongoing
d. All of the above

4. _______ in an organization is responsible to conduct projects sensor management reviews.

a. Chief information officer
b. Project manager
c. Process manager
d. None of the above

5. The full form of CSIA is _______.

a. Cost system information analysis
b. Cost system information assessment
c. Corporate system information architecture
d. None of the above

6. _______ category sets the stage for the remainder of the information provided during the review.

a. Prior review
b. Status review
c. General overview
d. All of the above

7. _______ Focuses on the management approach e.g. schedule, cost, decision points, POI funding status used for the project.

a. Product status
b. Project status
c. General overview
d. None of the above

8. ________ are defined program and project management for acquisition of capital assets, as formal determinations or decisions at specific points in a project stage that allow the project to proceed to the next stage and commit resources.

a. Project decisions
b. Process decisions
c. Critical decisions
d. None of the above

9. ________ is the calculated benefits that are organization is projected to receive in return for investing money (resources) in a project.

a. Return on investment
b. Total cost
c. Critical cost
d. All of the above

10. ________ status section focuses on the technical approach, e.g. system architecture, project methodology and processors, product quality and risks & issues.

a. Performance measures
b. Product status
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

11. ________ is the ongoing monitoring & reporting of program accomplishment, particularly progress towards pre-established goals.

a. Product status
b. Project status
c. Performance measurement
d. Performance appraisals

12. Basic categories of performance measurements include

i. Measure of efforts
ii. Measures of accomplishments
iii. Measures that elate efforts to accomplishments
iv. Measures of product status
a. I, ii, iii, iv
b. I, ii, iii
c. ii, iii, iv
d. I, iii, v

13. ________ measures report what was provided and achieved with the resources used.

a. Accomplishment measure
b. Performance measure
c. Product status
d. None of the above

14. _______ measure the quantity of services provided.

a. Outcome
b. Output
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

15. ________ measures the results of providing outputs.

a. Outcomes
b. Output
c. Issues & risks
d. None of the above

Operation Research Type A

2010-04-19T08:50:00.000-07:00

Q: 1- Game theory was developed by

a)John von Newman
b) Euler
c) None of these

Q: 2- A game in which players is called

a) Two sum game
b) Two- player game
c) N player (person game)
d) None of the above

Q: 3- If a game is such that where it is played the sum of the gains (pay-off) of the players in Zero it is called –

a) Two player game
b) Zero sum game
c) N-person game
d) None of the above

Q: 4- A player is the predetermined rule by which he chooses his course of action while playing the game is called –

a) Strategy
b) Morra Game
c) Zero –Sum game
d) None of the above

Q: 5- A game of a player is his precession to adopt a specified course of action (Say Ar) irrespective of the strategy of the opponent.

a) Pure Strategy
b) Strategy
c) Mixed Strategy
d) None of the above

Q: 6- Playing a game of a player is his pr-decision to choose his course of action according to certain pre-assigned probabilities –

a) Mixed Strategy
b) Pure strategy
c) Strategy
d) None of the above

Q: 7- The row minimum in the pay-off matrix is called:

a) Mini max
b) Maxi min
c) Pay-off
d) None of the above

Q: 8- The minimum of the maximum in the pay matrix is called –

a) Mini max
b) Maxi min
c) Saddle point
d) None of the above

Q: 9- The post where the maxi min and mini max is called –

a) Saddle
b) Zero-sum game
c) Optimal Strategy
d) None of the above

Q: 10- The value of a game is the expected gain of player. A when both the player adopts strategy. A game is said to be fair if its value is –

a) Zero
b) Pay-off
c) Min Max
d) None of the above

Q: 1- Objective function States mathematically what is being maxi med.

a) Cost or scrap
b) Profit or present value
c) Scrape Variable
d) None of the above

Q: 2- Objective function States mathematically what is being minimized Operation research

a) Cost or scrap
b) Profit or present value
c) Scrape Variable
d) None of the above

Q: 3- ________ represent choices that the decision maker can control.

a) Decision variable
b) Constraints
c) None of these

Q: 4- ________ are limitations that restrict the permissible cho9ise for the decision variable.

a) Feasible Region
b) Decision Variable
c) Constants
d) All the above

Q: 5- __________ represents all permissible combinations of the decision variable.

a) Parameter
b) Feasible Region
c) Constraint
d) All the above

Q: 6- ________is a value that the decision makes con not control and that doesn’t change when the solution is implemented.

a) Para metes
b) Constraint
c) Decision
d) None of the above

Q: 7- The objective function and constraint and addictively these can be no products (eq, x1, x2) or power (eq, x1) of decision variables.

a) Parameter
b) Linearity
c) Formulate
d) None of the above

Q: 8- _______which means that the decision variables must be positive or zero-

A) None –negativity
b) Negativity
c) None of the above

Q: 9- Linear programming application begin with the of model the problem with the general characteristics

a) Optimal
b) Formulate
c) None of the above

Q: 10- linear programming problems are solved with the computer the meaning of the computer output and linear programming concepts can be gained by analyzing a simple two-variable problem with the ———method.

a) Linear programming
b) Graphic method
c) 2-Way method
d) All the above

Operation Research MB0032

2010-04-19T08:43:00.000-07:00

Q: 1- _______is used for project involving activities of repetitive nature

a) PERT
b) CPM
c) All of the above

Q: 2- Estimating the durations of activities taking into considerations the resources required for these execution in most economic manner.

a) Activities
b) Scheduling
c) Event
d) All the above

Q: 3- A point in Represent in that signifies the completion of some activities and the beginning of new ones.

a) Activities
b) Event
c) Project
d) All the above

Q: 4- The network represents project operations or task to be conducted is called

a) Event
b) Activities
c) Operation
d) All the above

Q: 5- Each activity is represented by one and only one in the network –

a) Arrow
b) Line
c) Path
d) None of the above

Q: 6- Each activity is represented by a directed

a) Arc
b) Line segment
c) Activity
d) None of the above

Q: 7- AN activity is said to be __if a delay in the start of the course makes a delay in the completion time of the entire project.

a) Non –critical
b) Critical
c) Delay
d) All the above

Q: 8- An activity is activity such that the time between its earliest start and its latest completion time is longer than its actual duration

a) Critical
b) Non critical
c) Delay
d) All the above

Q: 9- An activity is said to have a slack or float time

a) Non critical
b) Critical
c) Both of them

Q: 10- The critical path identifies all the critical activities of the ________.

a) Project
b) Event
c) Activity
d) None of the above

Q: 11- In a project network, a sequence of activities may from a loop (T/F)

Q: 12- A critical activity must have its total and free floats equal to zero (T/F)

Q: 13- A non -critical activity can not have zero total float (T/F)

Q: 14- The critical path of project network represents the minimum duration needed to complete the network (T/F)

Q: 15- A network may include more than one critical path (T/F)

Q: 16- A concept of experimentation in the management laboratory is called –

a) Monte card
b) Simulation
c) None of the above

Q: 17- Simulation is often referred to as Analysis of –

a) Monte carlo
b) Ulan
c) Von Neumann
d) All of the above

Q: 18- The approach adopted for solving a problem in gambling can be extended to decision making.

a) Simulation
b) Method
c) Bayer
d) None of the above

Q: 19- ________ approach is recognized as a powerful tool for management decision making.

a) Monte carlo
b) Simplex
c) Game theory
d) Simulation

Q: 20- Linear Programming is a _____Process.

a) Optimization
b) Minimize
c) Maximize
d) All the above

MI 22 - 02 (C#)

2009-08-01T06:58:00.000-07:00

Q.1. Explain the different types of iteration control systems used in C#, using
appropriate syntax with an example for each.

Ans. Iteration Statements (C# Reference)

You can create loops by using the iteration statements. Iteration statements cause
embedded statements to be executed a number of times, subject to the loop-termination
criteria. These statements are executed in order, except when a jump statement is
encountered. The following keywords are used in iteration statements:

• do

The do statement executes a statement or a block of statements enclosed in {}
repeatedly until a specified expression evaluates to false. In the following example the
do loop statements execute as long as the variable y is less than 5.

Example

// statements_do.cs

using System;

public class TestDoWhile

{

public static void Main ()

{

int x = 0;

{

Console.WriteLine(x);

x++;

}

while (x <>

}

Unlike the while statement, the body loop of the do statement is executed at least once
regardless of the value of the expression

• for

The for loop executes a statement or a block of statements repeatedly until a specified
expression evaluates to false. The for loop is handy for iterating over arrays and for
sequential processing. In the following example, the value of int i is written to the
console and i is incremented each time through the loop by 1.

Example

// statements_for.cs

// for loop

using System;

class ForLoopTest

{

static void Main()

{

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

{

Console.WriteLine(i);

}

The for statement executes the enclosed statement or statements repeatedly as follows:

• First, the initial value of the variable i is evaluated.

• Then, while the value of i is less than 5, the condition evaluates to true, the
Console.WriteLine statement is executed and i is reevaluated.

• When i is greater than 5, the condition becomes false and control is transferred

outside the loop.

Because the test of conditional expression takes place before the execution of the loop,
therefore, a for statement executes zero or more times.

All of the expressions of the for statement are optional; for example, the following
statement is used to write an infinite loop:

for (;;)

{

// ...

}

• foreach , IN

The foreach statement repeats a group of embedded statements for each element in an
array or an object collection. The foreach statement is used to iterate through the
collection to get the desired information, but should not be used to change the contents
of the collection to avoid unpredictable side effects.

The embedded statements continue to execute for each element in the array or
collection. After the iteration has been completed for all the elements in the collection,
control is transferred to the next statement following the foreach block.

Example

In this example, foreach is used to display the contents of an array of integers.

// cs_foreach.cs

class ForEachTest

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

int[] fibarray = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 };

foreach (int i in fibarray)

{

System.Console.WriteLine(i);

}

• while

The while statement executes a statement or a block of statements until a specified
expression evaluates to false.

Example

// statements_while.cs

using System;

class WhileTest

{

static void Main()

{

int n = 1;

while (n <>

{

Console.WriteLine("Current value of n is {0}", n);

n++;

}

Q.2. Discus the exception handling concept using following statement.

Ans. (a) Catching with try – Catch

try-catch

The try-catch statement consists of a try block followed by one or more catch clauses,
which specify handlers for different exceptions. This statement takes one of the
following forms:

try try-block

catch (exception-declaration-1) catch-block-1

catch (exception-declaration-2) catch-block-2

...

try try-block catch catch-block

where:

try-block

Contains the code segment expected to raise the exception.

exception-declaration, exception-declaration-1, exception-declaration-2

The exception object declaration.

catch-block, catch-block-1, catch-block-2

Contains the exception handler.

The try-block contains the guarded code block that may cause the exception. The block
is executed until an exception is thrown or it is completed successfully. For example, the
following attempt to cast a null object raises the NullReferenceException exception:

object o2 = null;

try

{

int i2 = (int) o2; // Error

}

The catch clause can be used without arguments, in which case it catches any type of
exception, and referred to as the general catch clause. It can also take an object
argument derived from System.Exception, in which case it handles a specific exception.

For example:

catch (InvalidCastException e)

{

}

It is possible to use more than one specific catch clause in the same try-catch
statement. In this case, the order of the catch clauses is important because the catch
clauses are examined in order. Catch the more specific exceptions before the less
specific ones.

A throw statement can be used in the catch block to
rethrow the exception, which has been caught by the catch statement. For example:

catch (InvalidCastException e)

{

throw (e); // Rethrowing exception e

}

If you want to rethrow the exception currently handled by a parameterless catch clause,
use the throw statement without arguments. For example:

catch

{

throw;

}

When inside a try block, only initialize variables that are declared therein; otherwise, an
exception can occur before the execution of the block is completed. For example, in the
following code example, the variable x is initialized inside the try block. An attempt to
use this variable outside the try block in the Write(x) statement will generate the
compiler error: Use of unassigned local variable.

public static void Main()

{

int x;

try

{

x = 123; // Don't do that.

// ...

}

catch

{

// ...

}

Console.Write(x); // Error: Use of unassigned local variable 'x'.

}

(b) Catching up with Try-Finally.

The finally block is useful for cleaning up any resources allocated in the try block.
Control is always passed to the finally block regardless of how the try block exits. This
statement takes the following form:

try try-block finally finally-block

where:

try-block

Contains the code segment expected to raise the exception.

finally-block

Contains the exception handler and the cleanup code.

Whereas catch is used to handle exceptions that occur in a statement block, finally is
used to guarantee a statement block of code executes regardless of how the preceding
try block is exited.

In this example, there is one invalid conversion statement that causes an exception.
When you run the program, you get a run-time error message, but the finally clause will
still be executed and display the output.

// try-finally

using System;

public class TestTryFinally

{

public static void Main()

{

int i = 123;

string s = "Some string";

object o = s;

try

{

// Invalid conversion; o contains a string not an int

i = (int) o;

}

finally

{

Console.Write("i = {0}", i);

}

(c) Handling all with Try-Catch-Finally

A common usage of catch and finally together is to obtain and use resources in a try
block, deal with exceptional circumstances in a catch block, and release the resources
in the finally block.

// try-catch-finally

using System;

public class EHClass

{

public static void Main ()

{

try

{

Console.WriteLine("Executing the try statement.");

throw new NullReferenceException();

}

catch(NullReferenceException e)

{

Console.WriteLine("{0} Caught exception #1.", e);

}

catch

{

Console.WriteLine("Caught exception #2.");

}

finally

{

Console.WriteLine("Executing finally block.");

}

Q.3. Write simple illustration program for handling the database in C# for

(a) Creating a Table Using ADO

Imports System.Data.SqlClient

Public Class frmDataTable

Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Private cn As New SqlConnection("server=(local);uid=sa;pwd=;database=emp")

Private WithEvents dadept As New SqlDataAdapter("select * from dept", cn)

Private dt As DataTable

Private Sub frmDataTable_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

dt = New DataTable("Dept")

Dim dc1 As New DataColumn("dname")

dt.Columns.Add(dc1)

Dim dc2 As New DataColumn("loc")

dt.Columns.Add(dc2)

dgdept.DataSource = dt

txtDname.Focus() 'THIS IS TEXTBOX FOR DEPT NAME

End Sub

Private Sub btnadd_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles btnadd.Click

Dim drow As DataRow = dt.NewRow

drow("dname") = txtDname.Text

drow("loc") = txtDloc.Text 'THIS IS TEXTBOX FOR LOC NAME

dt.Rows.Add(drow)

btnClear_Click(sender, e) 'THIS BUTTON CLEAR CONTENTS

End Sub

Private Sub btnSave_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles btnSave.Click

Dim cb As New SqlCommandBuilder(dadept)

Dim dt1 As DataTable

Try

dt1 = CType(dgdept.DataSource, DataTable)

dadept.Update(dt1)

dt.AcceptChanges()

MessageBox.Show("Data Updated To Databse...")

Catch ex As Exception

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message)

End Try

End Sub

Private Sub btnClear_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles btnClear.Click

txtDname.Clear()

txtDloc.Clear()

txtDname.Focus()

End Sub

Private Sub dadept_RowUpdated(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As
System.Data.SqlClient.SqlRowUpdatedEventArgs) Handles dadept.RowUpdated

If e.Status = UpdateStatus.ErrorsOccurred Then

e.Row.RowError = "Sandeep Says " & e.Errors.Message

e.Status = UpdateStatus.Continue

End If

End Sub

End Class

(b) Inserting new record from Database

To insert new records into a database using the TableAdapter.Insert method

• Call the TableAdapter's Insert method, passing in the values for each column as
parameters

NorthwindDataSetTableAdapters.RegionTableAdapter regionTableAdapter =

new NorthwindDataSetTableAdapters.RegionTableAdapter();

regionTableAdapter.Insert(5, "NorthWestern");

(c) Selecting record from Database

using System;

using System.IO;

using System.Xml;

using System.Xml.XPath;

public class Sample

{

public static void Main()

{

XPathDocument doc = new XPathDocument("booksort.xml");

XPathNavigator nav = doc.CreateNavigator();

//Select all books by Jane Austen.

XPathExpression expr;

expr = nav.Compile("descendant::book[author/last-name='Austen']");

//Sort the selected books by title.

expr.AddSort("title", XmlSortOrder.Ascending, XmlCaseOrder.None, "", XmlDataType.Text);

//Display the selection.

XPathNodeIterator iterator = nav.Select(expr);

while (iterator.MoveNext()){

XPathNavigator nav2 = iterator.Current.Clone();

nav2.MoveToFirstChild();

Console.WriteLine("Book title: {0}", nav2.Value);

}

MI11-01 - C++ (Semester 2)

2009-06-30T08:44:00.000-07:00

MI11-01

Marks 20

C++

Question 1: - Explain the need to use copy construction with suitable examples?

Answer: - When a class is being designed, the designer normally supplies the default constructor and the overloaded constructor. For example, to instantiate an objectof class,class1,

Class cl1;

Class cl1(100);

Suppose class 1 cl1;

Class1 cl2(cl1);

To prevent this member wise copy, it is necessary to provide the copy constructor. Due to the member wise copy, both objects have pointers pointing at the same memory location, resulting in one object being dependent on the other. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a copy constructor in this class.

#include

class string

{private:

char*str;

public:

string() {str=new char[1];strcpy(str,”\0”);}

string(char*s) {str=new char[strlen(s)+1]; strcpy(strs);}

string(string &s {str=strdup(s.str);cout<<”\ncopy called”;}

show() {cout<< endl << str;}

change(char*ss{strcpy(str, ss);}

string&operator=(string&s)

{

str=strdup(s.str);

cout<<”\n assignment called”;return(*this);

}

~string(){delete str;cout<<”\ndestroy”;}

};

main()

{

clscr();

string s1(“welcome”);

strings2=s1;

strings3(s2);

strings4;

s4=s1;

s1.show();

s2.show();

s3.show();

s4.show();

s1.change(“\t changed”);

s1.show();

s2.show();

s3.show();

s4.show();

getch();}

Question 2: - Write short notes on:

· Inheritance: it is the process of creating new classes, called derived classes, from existing, the exiting class is the base class. The derived class inherits all the capabilities of the base class but can add properties of its own. The base class is unchanged by this process. Inheritance has two important advantages.

1. Code reusability: it permits code reusability. Once a base class is written and debugged, it need not be checked again, but can nevertheless be adapted to work in different situations. Reusing code saves time and money and increases a program’s reliability. A programmer can use a class created by another person or company, and without modifying it, derive other classes from it that are suited to particular situations.

2. The derived class can add data and function members to the class without affecting the base class behavior. This is data abstraction.

3. The protection can be increased in derived classes, but cannot decreased, that is – a class item declared as protected in a class cannot be made public later in the derived classes. Making a public item protected or private in a derived class is allowed.

· Polymorphism: it means “any forms”. In C++, the meaning of polymorphism is the ability to access different implementation of a function using the same name. There are two levels at which polymorphism operates. Compile–time polymorphism and run-time polymorphism. Compile-time polymorphism has already been demonstrated through operator overloading and function overloading. Both are subtle form of polymorphism since both cases a single entity is used to refer to two or more things. Whereas in run-time polymorphism is based on virtual functions, derived classes and base class pointers.

-----------------------------xxx--------------------------xxx--------------------------------------

MI11-02

Marks 20

C++

Question 1: Explain containership using an example.

Ansewer1: - In inheritance, if a class B is derived from class A, B has all characteristics of A addition to its own. Hence we can say “B is a kind of A”. There is another kind of relationship called a “has a” relationship. In OOP, this relation occurs when you have an object of class A in class B. For example: -

Containership with student and marks

#include

class student

{

private : int id; char name[20];

public : student()

{ id=0; strcpy(name, ”\0”);

student(int i, char*n)

{id = I; strcpy (name,n)

void getdata()

{cout<<”\n Roll number”; cin>>id;

cout<<”\n Name:”;cimn.get()cin.getline(name,20);

}

void displaydata()

{cout<<”\nId =”<< id<< ”\nname=”<< name;}

};class marks {

private : int mks[3]; student s;

public : marks() {mks[0]=mks1]=mks[2]=0;}

marks(inta,intb,intc) {mks[0]=a;mks[1]=b; mks[2]=c;}

void getdata() { s.getdata();

for (inti=0;i<3;i++)

{count<<”\n Enter marks”<>mks[i];}

}

void dispdata()

{

s.dispdata();

for(int=0;i<3,i++)

{cout<<’\n marks in subject”<< i+1<<”is”;cout<< mks[i];}

}

};

void main()

{ marks m1;

mi.getdata();m1.dispdata();}

Question 2: write short notes on:

· The C++ pointer rule: - the rule as given in C++ terms as follows. A pointer declared as pointing to base class can be used to point to an object of a derived class of that base class, but a pointer to a derived class cannot be used to point to an object of the base class or to any of the derived classes of the base class.

· Pure virtual functions: - virtual functions are functions, which are declared with the key word virtual in the base class.

Example

Virtual void dispdata() {cout<<”this is the base class”;}

These virtual functions may or may not be implemented again in the derived classes. If it is implemented , the declaration must be identical must be identical to that of the base class xcept for the word, virtual.

Void dispdat() {cout<<”roll number””<< roll;}

------------------------------------xxx---------------------------------------xxx------------------

MB07 – 02 : MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

2009-06-30T08:40:00.000-07:00

1. Explain the different components and what are the various applications of expert systems ?

Ans:

An expert system is a computer application that guides the performance of ill structured tasks, which usually require experience and expertise. Using an expert system, a non expert can achieve performance, which is comparable to an experts performance in that particular domain.

An expert system is very similar to a decision support system ie both are intended to provide a high level of problem solving support to their users. But they differ in two major ways :

1. Decision Support System consists of routines that reflect as to how the manager believes a problem should be solved, as well as the manager’s style and capabilities. An expert system on the other hand, offers the opportunity to make decisions that exceed the manager’s capabilities.

2. The most important difference between Decision Support System and Expert System is the ability of ES to explain its line of reasoning in reaching a particular solution.

P Applications of Expert System:

The business applications of expert systems are many. Some of them are as follows:

1. Manufacturing

2. Marketing

3. Accounting and Finance

4. Personnel

5. General Business

6. Social Applications

Manufacturing:

Manufacturing includes the following

· Maintaining facilities

· Analyzing quality and providing corrective measures

· Determining whether a process is running correctly or not

· Scheduling job shop tasks

· Selecting transportation routes

· Assisting with product design and facility layouts

Marketing:

Marketing includes the following :

· Establishing sales quotas

· Responding to customer inquiries

· Assisting with marketing timing decisions

· Determining discount policies

Accounting and Finance:

Accounting and Finance includes the following :

· Providing tax advice and assistance

· Helping with credit authorization decisions

· Selecting forecasting models

· Providing investment advice

Personnel:

· Assessing applicant qualifications

· Giving employees assistance in filling out forms

General Business:

· Assisting with project proposals

· Recommending acquisition strategies

· Educating trainees

· Evaluating performance

Social Applications:

· Counseling prospective students about study options

· Counseling expectant mothers about the various benefits available to them

· Advising buyers on the ideal home layouts

2. With neat diagram, explain the steps in the design of an MIS

The following steps are generally taken in the design of an MIS:

1. Identifying information needs at all levels of management

2. Listing objectives of MIS and anticipated benefits

3. Identifying systems constraints (internal and external)

4. Determining information needs and resources

5. Developing alternative conceptual design and selecting one

6. Preparing the conceptual design report

3. List out the various approaches to MIS development in an organization

Ans:

There are seven approaches which are used for developing MIS :

7. Top down approach

8. Bottom up approach

9. Integrative approach

10. Traditional approach

11. Prototyping approach

12. End User development approach

13. Systematic approach for development in small organizations

4. Explain data processing and information systems.

Ans:

Data Processing:

The data can be processed in the following modes:

1. Online transaction processing and

2. Batch processing

In online transaction processing, the term online means that the data input device is directly linked to the transaction processing system and the data are processed as soon as it enters into the system. The input device may be at a remote location and be linked to the system by networks or by telecommunication systems. Here, the information is always current since there is little or no time lag between data creation and data processing.

In batch processing, transactions are accumulated over time and processed periodically. Processing may be done on a daily, weekly or on a monthly basis. For example, an organization may process its sales proceeds on a daily basis at the end of each day and its daily expenses on a monthly basis.

Processing in batches results in more efficient uses of computer resources. Also, quality control is sometimes easier in batch processing, since errors detected at the end of a batch can be rectified before the next batch is processed.

However, one of the disadvantages is that there is a time lag between data creation and data processing, such that the information in files may not be up to date.

P Information System:

The nature and scope of information required at different levels in an organization varies considerably. Organizations need different information systems to meet this need. Increasing number of managerial personnel rely on computers and information systems to make decisions.

Accordingly different information systems are designed to meet the different information needs of managers.

Four types of information systems exists:

1. Transaction processing systems (TPS)

2. Management information systems (MIS)

3. Intelligent support systems (ISS) and

4. Office automation systems (OAS)

MB06 – 02 : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2009-06-30T08:39:00.000-07:00

1. Briefly explain Walter’s and Gordon’s theory of dividend

Ans:

Prof. James E Walter argues that the choice of dividend payout ratio almost always affects the value of the firm. Prof J E Walter has very scholarly studied the significance of the relationship between internal rate of return ( R ) and cost of capital ( K ) in determining optimum dividend policy which maximizes the wealth of shareholders.

Walter’s Theory :

Walter’s model is based on the following assumptions:

1. The firm finances its entire investments by means of retained earnings only.

2. Internal Rate of Return (R) and cost of capital ( K ) of the firm remains constant

3. The firm’s earnings are either distributed as dividends or reinvested internally.

4. Beginning earnings and dividends of the firm will never change

5. The firm has a very long or infinite life

According to Walter theory, the optimum dividend policy depends on the relationship between the firm’s internal rate of return and cost of capital.

Walter’s view on optimum dividend payout ratio can be summarized under the following topics :

a. Growth Firms

b. Normal Firms

c. Declining Firm

Gordon’s Theory :

Another theory, which contends that dividends are relevant, is the Gordon’s model. This model which opines that dividend policy of a firm affects its value is based on the following assumptions :

1. The firm is an all equity firm (no debt)

2. There is no outside financing and all investment are financed exclusively by retained earnings

3. Internal rate of return ( R ) of the firm remains constant

4. Cost of capital ( K ) of the firm remains same regardless of the change in the risk complexion of the firm

5. The firm derives its earnings in perpetuity

6. The retention ratio (b) once decided upon is constant. Thus the growth reate (g) is also constant (g=br)

7. A corporate tax does not exist

2. What is the relationship between leverage and cost of capital according to NI and NOI approach?

Ans:

The term leverage may be defined as the employment of an asset or sources of funds for which the firm has to pay a fixed cost or fixed return.

James Horne has defined the leverage as “the employment of an asset or funds for which the firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return”. Thus according to him leverage results when the firm employs an assets or source of funds for which the firm has to pay a fixed cost of fixed return.

Understanding the relationship between financial leverage and cost of capital is extremely important for taking capital structure decisions. Theoretically the value of a firm can be maximized when the cost of capital is minimized.

PNet Income Approach

According to NI approach, capital structure decision is relevant to the valuation of the firm. According to NI theory, it is possible to change the cost of capital by changing the debt equity mix. In other words, a change in the capital structure causes a change in the overall cost of capital as well as the value of the firm.

According to the theory, cost of debt is assumed to be less than the cost of equity. Therefore when the financial leverage is increased (proportion of debt in the total capital),the overall cost of capital will decline and the value of the firm will increase.

P Net Operating Income Approach

This theory is just opposite to NI approach. According to NOI approach, the capital structure decision is irrelevant and there is nothing like optimum capital structure. The overall cost of capital depends on the business risk of the firm, which is assumed to be constant. NOI depend on the investments made by the company and not on the capital structure decision.

According to this theory, the benefits from the increase in the use of low cost debt is completely offset by the increase in the cost of equity.

3. What is an EBIT – EPS analysis? Illustrate your answer.

Ans:

EBIT – EPS analysis is a method of study the effect of financial leverage under various levels of EBIT under alternative method of financing.

Using the following example we can explain the EBIT – EPS analysis

A firm has a capital structure exclusively comprising of ordinary shares amounting to Rs.1,00,000/-. The firm now wishes to raise additional Rs.1,00,000/- for investment purposes.

The company has 4 alternatives.

a. It can raise the entire amount in the form of equity shares

b. It can raise the entire amount by 5 % debenture

c. It can raise 50% as equity and 50% as 5% debentures

d. It can raise 50% as equity and 50% as 5% preference capital

Further assume that existing EBIT is Rs.12,000/- , the tax rate is 50% and outstanding number of equity shares are 1000.

The financial plan, which gives highest EPS, would be naturally better from the company’s point of view.

Calculation of EPS at an EBIT level of Rs.12,000 /-

	A (Rs. )	B (Rs.)	C (Rs.)	D(Rs.)
Earning Before Interest and Tax	12,000	12,000	12,000	12,000
Less : Interest	--------	5,000	2,500	-------
Earnings Before Tax	12,000	7,000	9,500	12,000
Less : Tax @ 50 %	6,000	3,500	4,750	6,000
Earnings after Tax	6,000	3,500	4,750	6,000

4. Explain the meaning and importance of valuation concept.

Money has time value – i. e the value of the money changes over a period of time. The value of a rupee received today is different from the value of a rupee to be received after a year. A rupee today has more value than a rupee after a year.

Time value of money or time preference for money is one of the central ideas in finance. While taking appropriate decisions on financing, investment and dividends, the finance manager must keep the “Time factor” in mind. This requires that the finance manager knows about the valuation concept.

The time value of money implies

1) That a person will have to pay in future more for a rupee received today and

2) A person may accept less today for a rupee to be received in future.

The above statements relate to two different concepts they are

1. Compound Value Concept

2. Discounting or Present Value Concept

P Compound Value Concept :

In this concept the interest earned on the initial principal becomes a part of the principal at end of a compounding period.

P Discounting or Present Value concept :

The concept of present value is the exact opposite of that of compound value.

In case of compounding we calculate the future value of a sum of money or series of payments, while in case of present value concept, we estimate the present worth of a future payment / installment or series of payments adjusted for the time value or money.

5. Briefly analyze the scope of financial management.

Ans:

The approach to the scope and functions of financial management is divided, in order to have a better exposition into two broad categories .

1. Traditional Approach

2. Modern Approach

1. Traditional Approach :

The traditional approach , which was popular in the early stage, limited the role of financial manager to raising and administering of funds needed by the corporate enterprises to meet their financial needs. It deals with the following aspects :

a. arrangement of funds from financial institutions

b. arrangement of funds through financial instruments like share, bonds etc

c. looking after the legal and accounting relationship between a corporation and its sources of funds.

Thus the manager had a limited role to perform. He was expected to keep accurate financial records, prepare reports on the corporation’s status and performance and manage cash in a way that the corporation was in a position to pay its bills in times.

2. Modern Approach :

According to modern approach the term financial management provides a conceptual and analytical framework for financial decision – making. That means, the finance function covers both acquisition of funds as well as their allocation.

The new approach views the term financial management in a broader sense. It is viewed as an integral part of over-all management. It is an analytical way of viewing the financial problems of a firm.

The financial management, in the modern sense of the term, can be divided into four major decisions as functions of finance. They are :

1. The investment decision

2. The financing decision

3. The dividend policy decision and

4. The funds requirement decision

MB05 – 02 : OPERATION MANAGEMENT

2009-06-30T08:38:00.001-07:00

1. Why is a JIT system considered a pull system? What competitive advantages do pull systems have over push systems?

Ans:

JIT system is considered a pull system,

In pull system the inventory level is maintained at the least. Inventories are made against the customer demand.

P Competitive advantages of pull system over push system.

In push system where the production starts in advance of customer needs. Hence the finished end products are stocked in the market incases where the lifetime of the product is very less. But in the case of pull system customer demands activates the production. Hence the setup time and process time are low, flow of materials are well defined.

P Consistently High Quality

To eliminate scrap and rework in order to achieve a uniform flow of materials. Control quality at the source with workers acting as their own quality inspectors

P Small lot sizes:

Huge inventory are avoided, users maintain inventory with lot sizes that are as small as possible. Small lot size has three benefits.

a. Small lot sizes reduce cycle inventory

b. Small lot sizes help cut lead times.

c. Small lots help achieve a uniform operating system workload.

d. Short setup times

2. Write a note on:

a) Sensitivity Analysis

b) Simplex Method

Ans.

a. Sensitivity Analysis:

Profit contributions used for the objective function coefficients do not reflect uncertainties in selling prices and such variable costs as wages, raw materials, and shipping etc. Accounting, marketing, and work-standard information systems often provide these initial estimates. After solving the problem using these estimated values, the analyst can determine how much the optimal values of the decision variables and the objective function value would be affected if certain parameters had different values. This type of post solution analysis for answering “What if” questions is called Sensitivity Analysis.

b. Simplex Method:

A Method of solving Linear Programs The simplex method was the first method developed to solve linear programs. The function that is either being minimized or maximized. For example, it may represent the cost that you are trying to minimize.

The graphic analysis gives insight into the logic of the simplex method, beginning with the focus on corner points. One corner point will always be the optimum, even when there are multiple optimal solutions. Thus the simplex method starts with an initial corner point and then systematically evaluates other corner points in such a way that the objective function improves at each iterations. In the Stratton company problem, an improvement would be an increase in profits. When no more improvements are possible, the optimal solution has been found. This simplex method also helps generate the sensitivity analysis information that we developed graphically.

3. What is process management and what are five major process decisions? Explain.

Ans:

Process Management is the selection of inputs, operations, workflows and methods for producing goods and services. Input selection includes choosing the mix of human skills, raw materials, outside services and equipment consisted with an organization’s positioning strategy and its ability to obtain these resources. Operations managers must determine which operations workers and which will perform by machines.

Five major process decisions are

a) Process choice

b) Vertical integration

c) Resource flexibility

d) Customer involvement

e) Capital intensity

a. Process choice:

Is the starting point for designing well-functioning processes. The four basic choices for implementing positioning strategy are project process, batch process, line process and continuous process.

b. Vertical integration:

Management decides the level of vertical integration by looking at all the activities performed between acquisition of raw materials or outside services and delivery of finished products or services. Vertical integration can be in tow directions

Backward integration (make or buy decision) and Forward integration (own or lease decision)

c. Resource flexibility:

The choices that management makes concerning competitive priorities determine the degree of flexibility required of a company’s resources- its employees facilities and equipments.eg: Requirement of correct work force and flexible equipment.

d. Customer involvement:

The fourth major process decision is the extent to which customers interact with the process. The amount of customer involvement may range from self-service, product selection and Time & location.

e. Capital intensity:

For either the design of a new process or the redesign of an existing one, an operations manager must determine the amount of capital investment required. As the capabilities of technology increase and its cost decrease. Managers face an ever-widening range of choices. Automation is a system, process or piece of equipment that is self-acting and self-regulating. Automation decision requires careful examination. There are two types of automation, fixed and flexible automation.

4. An interactive television service that costs Rs.7/- per month to provide can be sold on the information highway for Rs.12/- per client per month. If a service are includes a potential of 10,000 customers, what is the most a company could spend on annual fixed cost to acquire and maintain the equipment?

Ans.

Annual fixed cost = F

Total Revenue per annum = TR

Variable cost per annum = CQ

TC = F + CQ

Where TR = PQ and PQ = F + CQ Then the equation can be TR = F + CQ

TR= 12*10,000/- = 1,20,000

CQ= 7 * 10,000/- = 70,000

TR = F + CQ

1,20,000 = F + 70,000

There fore F = 1,20,000 - 70,000

F= 50,000/-

Hence the annual fixed cost to acquire and maintain the equipment is

F That is 12* 50,000

F= Rs.6,00,000/-

MB04 – 02 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

2009-06-30T08:36:00.000-07:00

1. What suggestions would you make for improving career management in sin bank?

Ans:

Sin bank is one of the major nationalized banks in the country. It is one of the few major banks in the country having its headquarters in a rural area. Over the last decade, the bank has faced an environment that is increasingly competitive and fast moving. The bank, which hitherto has a monopoly of sorts especially in the rural areas is now facing competition from the foreign banks and newly started private sector banks. The bank has been undergoing a major strategic review structure and activities. A key belief has been that greater responsibility for the development and delivery of activities should be passed to front line bank employees. The recently concluded VRS scheme has made for a relatively young workforce. Hitherto, career development had equated to promotion through a 12-grade structure. Hence prior to the VRS scheme, such promotion could be expected through the grades every 2-to3 years. Fairly simple manpower planning techniques now reveal a slowing down in the number of future promotions .A formal integrated career management framework does not currently exist.

The bank management decided to hold a series of one day workshops in collaboration with Sin Institute Of Bank Management, Manipal in “career management at the bank for selected officers and workmen staff. The officers and workmen were selected at random. One of the key issues highlighted was that career progression was seen as a ‘grandest’ concept due to the number of grades.

This was seen to reduce employees on career management issues- such as:

a. Development job moves;

b. Rewards for on the job development based on knowledge, skill and opportunity;

c. The evolution of a flatter, more flexible organization structures.

It soon becomes that there was little congruence between the fast moving environment which the bank now faced and career management. Perhaps most important of all, Branch managers often did not promote development, seeking it the role of the HR function to develop people and manage careers.

Taking hint from the issues raised from the one day workshops, the bank management conducted a follow up survey of all officers and workmen staff. The key findings were:

1. The bank does not readily promote on the job development

2. The bank does not help its employees to manage their own careers.

3. The bank does not often explain the career options open to its employees.

There is an overall belief among the employees of Sin Bank that allows employees to build their own careers, since this-

4. Encourages personal development.

5. Allows employees to develop their existing competencies and skills.

6. Provides information on career development.

7. Regards career development as important.

Further research about the criteria used for promotions revealed that while individuals wanted promotion decisions to take into account their career development, they believed that they were promoted on the simple basis of suitable vacancies being available.

2. Write short notes on:

a. Application Bank

b. Aptitude Tests

c. Interview

d. Medical Examination

e. Induction

Ans:

a) Application bank:

In a sense the application blank is highly structured interview in which the questions are standardized and determined in advance. An application blank, is a traditional, widely accepted devise for getting information from a prospective applicant. The application blank provides preliminary as well as aid in the interview by indicating areas of interest and discussion. In an application blank, information is generally called as the following items:

1. Biographic data

2. Education and past experience

3. Personal items

4. References

b) Aptitude tests:

Aptitude or potential ability tests are widely used to measure the talent ability of a candidate to learn new job or skill. Aptitude tests measure ability and skills. They enable us to find out whether a candidate, if selected, would be suitable for a job. Specific aptitude tests have been designed for jobs that required clerical, mechanical and manual abilities and skills. Aptitude tests for medicine, law, painting, and other activities are also available. The disadvantage of aptitude test is that they do not measure motivation. On the job motivation is often found to be more important than aptitude for the job. That is why interest test and personality tests supplement the aptitude test

c) Interview:

After putting the candidates to various types of tests, all those passing out of the tests are finally to be called for interview. The interview is perhaps the most intricate and difficult part of selection procedure interviews are conducted to test the capabilities of the candidate to occupy a particular post. It determines his knowledge, experience, skill, intelligence, general, perception, mental and psychological reflexes, capacity to perceive things quickly and capabilities to take quick and immediate decisions. Interview is probably the most widely used selection tool. It is a selection technique, which enables the employer to view the total individual and directly appraise him and his behaviors.

d) Medical examination:

In Government and other quasi government organizations getting medically examined is a must before reporting for duty or at the time of reporting for duty. Medical examination is a part of the selection process for all suitable candidates in many organizations. The main purpose of the medical examination is to see whether the candidate is medically fit to occupy a particular post and has the capabilities to withstand the physical and psychological stresses and strains required of the job. When conducted by in service medical personnel they are more valuable to the applicant than when done by a doctor knowing very less or no knowledge of the working condition under which the job is done.

e) Induction:

After the candidate is finally selected the management will have to sell the job to him. He should be told as to what are his duties, what is required of him and what are his future prospects in the organization. Normally this information is given to the candidate at the time of final selection interview. This is the way in which the candidate is inducted into the job. He is formally appointed by issuing him an appointment letter or by concluding with him a service agreement. The appointment letter contains the terms and conditions of employment, pay scale and other benefits associated with the job. The interviewer can describe the company and its policies, the duties and responsibilities of the applicant as well as the opportunities available to him for future promotion. The interviewer should highlight the favorable aspects of the job.

CASE STUDY

1. As Ivan's Manager, what should your strategy be in handling the performance evaluation interview with Ivan?

Ans:

The strategy behind the performance evaluation interview with Ivan and Ivan's Manager follows 360-degree appraisal.

P 360 degree appraisal:

It is a method of appraisal in which people receive performance feedback from those on all sides of them in the organization - their boss, their colleagues and peers and their own subordinates. Thus, the feedback comes from all around them, 360 degrees. This form of performance evaluation can be very beneficial to managers because it typically gives them a much wider range of performance-related feedback than a traditional evaluation.

P 360 degree feedback:

360-degree feedback is a method and a tool that provides each employee the opportunity to receive performance feedback from his supervisor and four to eight peers, reporting staff members, co-workers and customers. It allows each individual to understand how his effectiveness as an employee, co-worker, of staff member is viewed by others. The feedback provides insight about the skills and behavior desired in the organization to accomplish the mission, vision, and goals and live the values.

2. What remedial measures do you suggest to tackle the situation?

Ans:

Ivan's behavioral attributes are not up to the mark. He creates animosity wherever he goes. But he is an excellent worker and his performance in terms of achievement is significant. Therefore Ivan should be given a change in the nature of job he performs with limited mobility amongst sales and promotion department.

3. As an appraiser do you suggest with holding Ivan's increment? Give reasons.

Ans:

No, Ivan should be given an increment since his performance in terms of achievement is significant. The change in his environment would aid him the use of better behavioral attributes.

MB02 – 02 : INTERNET APPLICATION

2009-06-30T08:35:00.000-07:00

1. Explain FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Applications.

Ans:

Transferring a file via FTP requires two participants:

1. FTP Client Program and

2. FTP Server Program

The FTP client is the program that we run on our computers. The FTP Server is the program that runs on the huge mainframe somewhere and stores tens thousands of files. It is similar to an online library of files. The FTP client can download or upload files to the FTP server.

Using Web browser we can only download the files , we can not upload the files. But FTP applications will help us to upload the files to the web sites that we are maintaining.

There are many FTP programs that we can download from the Internet. Windows has its own command line based FTP program. To connect to FTP server we must have a login name and the password.

Another important FTP program, which is available as a shareware, is WSFTP. Using this window based program it is easier to maintain your web site.

2. Write down the advantages of Electronic Mail.

The main benefit of e-mail when compared to other messaging mediums like fax is that is is almost instantaneous. More importantly, it directly reaches the concerned individual’s electronic mail box without getting buried under a mountain of paper.

In some case, we can even confirm whether our message has been received and read by the recipient. This facility is not readily available with other mediums like letter or fax.

With e-mail even if the recipient is not around, the message is delivered into his mailbox and is available the next time he checks the mailbox.

3. List out the Applications of Multimedia

Ans:

The word Multimedia simply means being able to communicate in more than one way for better interaction. In other words, execution of text, sound, graphics and animation simultaneously is Multimedia. Therefore a Multimedia based computer must have all the necessary hardware and software required to combine these components.

P Applications of Multimedia:

1. Entertainment:

The software industry has developed lots of real life like games by including text, graphics, sound and animation. Virtual rality has made computer game more adventurous. Multimedia games allow children to experience the joy of driving cars of different type and model, fly aircraft, play any musical instrument, play gold and so on.

2. Education and Training:

Multimedia software with a focus on education is available. E.g. Nautilus, General Knowledge, Encyclopedia, Essential Internet ,Windows 98 tutor etc. Virtual reality has been used in simulators, which creates a real like imaging.

These are used in training centers like

a) In Air force candidates are trained to control an aircraft using flight simulators.

b) Medical training centers use to train students perform operation on a non existing living being, instead of taking risk on a living being

3. Business:

Multimedia is used in Business to enhance quality of business communication. We can see advertisements and corporate presentation incorporating Multimedia Video conferencing, another activity that involves Multimedia allows people to get together for discussions on the Internet.

4. What is Internet and write down the objectives of Internet?

Ans:

The Internet is “a network of networks”. It is a global collection of high powered computers that are connected to each other with network cables, telephone lines, microwave dishes, satellites etc.

Some computers (Servers) on the Internet store documents, sound files, video clips, program files, electronic shopping centers, animations, pictures, interactive contents and other information that can be stores and presented electronically. All these resources are available to all computers connected to the Internet.

We can communicate with anyone on the Internet by sending e-mail, posting messages in newsgroups, chatting in various chat areas and even telephoning and video-conferencing over the Net.

MB01 – 02 : MANAGEMENT PROCESS and ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR

2009-06-30T08:31:00.000-07:00

Q1. Explain the different types of roles a manager should perform in an organization.

Ans:

The manager has to perform a set of managerial roles and the requirements of these roles lead to certain common work characteristics. Henry Minitzberg made a detailed study of chief executives. On the basis of his study, he came to the conclusion that managerial activity may be divided into three groups:

· Inter-Personal role

· Informational Role

· Decisional Role

P Inter - Personal Role

This role relates to his contacts and dealing with other people. This role includes -

1. A manager represents his organization with outsiders.

2. He Performa the role of a figurehead. The formal authority of a manager gives him special status in the organization.

3. He performs the role of a leader. He has to communicate with his subordinates ,motivate them and activates them to work in pursuit of desired objectives.

P Informational Role

His contacts with the outside world and leadership position make him a focal point of information. He has to receive and collect information so that he can develop a thorough understanding of his organization. This role includes -

1. He functions as a disseminator. He gathers information from the environment and transmits it into his organization.

2. He functions as a monitor. He becomes a kind of nerve centre organizational function. He acts as a liaison man and a leader.

3. He functions as a spokesman, by disseminating the organizational information into the environment.

P Decisional Role

A manager occupies a central point in his organization because of his unique position and authority. This naturally means that he would be performing significant organizational duty of decision-making. There are four decisional roles that he has to perform

1. He has to perform the entrepreneur's role by initiating change and taking the risk that is involved in introducing change.

2. He has to assume the role of a discerning handler by taking charge whenever his organization is threatened.

3. He performs the role of an allocator of resources when he decides how and where his organization will expand its efforts and resources.

4. He performs the negotiator's role in which he deals with those situations where he has to enter into negotiations on behalf of the organization.

Q2. Describe the process of management and explain how it can be used to accomplish results in any organization?

Ans :

Process of Management involves the following:

v Panning

v Organizing

v Staffing

v Directing

v Motivating

v Controlling

v Co-ordination

v Communication

P Planning:

When management is reviewed as a process, Planning is the first function-performed by the manager. The work of mgr begins with setting of objectives of organization of each area in business. This is done thru planning. A Plan is pre-determined coarse of action to accomplish set objectives. It is today’s projection for tomorrow’s activities. Planning includes objective strategies, policies, programmes etc. As it involves making choices, decision-making is the heart of planning.

Planning is

v Flexible

v Goal oriented

v Intellectual process

P Organizing:

Includes putting lives into the plan by bringing together, the personal capital, machine, material etc, to execute the plan. While Planning decides, what mgmt wants to do, Organizing provides an effective machine for achieving the plan. Once the things are organized, planning helps in achieving the “common goal” of the organization.

P Staffing:

Involves filling the position needed in the organization structure by appointing contended and qualified person for the job. This needs manpower planning, scientific selection and training of personnel. Suitable methods of remuneration and performance. Appraisal.

P Directing:

Involves managing manager, managing workers and work through the means of motivation. Proper leadership, effective communication as well as co-ordination. Manager must develop the ability to command and direct others. Giving proper direction to the sub-ordinates helps in better and effective performance of the employees who all are working for the common goal.

P Motivating:

Motivation a managerial function to inspire and encourage people to take required action. It is key to successful mgmt of any enterprises. It can set into motion, a person to carry out certain activity.

P Controlling

Is a process of measuring actual results with some std. F performance, finding the reason for deviation of actual from desired result, taking corrective action when necessary,. This controlling enables the realization of plans. A manager must adopt the following in controlling activities:

v Identify potential problem

v Select Mode of control

v Evaluate performance in terms of planning

v Spot significant deviation

v Ascertain cause of deviation

v Take remedial measure

P Co-ordination:

Is concerned with harmonious and unified action directed towards a common objective. It ensures that all group and persons work efficiently economically and in harmony. Co-ordination requires and effective channel of communication. Person-to person communication is most effective for co-ordination.

P Communication:

Means transfer of information and understanding from person to person. Communication also leads to sharing of info. Ideas ad know. It enables group to think together and act together.
Q3. Discuss the nine-step framework in the decision cycle. What do you mean by decision rationality?

Ans : A study of over 2000 managers, supervisors and executives was undertaken in order to determine what steps in the decision cycle they used and found helpful. Out of this study came a simple nine-step framework.

1. Monitor

The environment should be monitored constantly to obtain feedback. The decision - maker monitors the environment to detect deviations from plans or to pick up signals on the deed to take a decision.

2. Define

The problem or situation has to be defined precisely. The information picked up at the monitoring stage could relate to the symptoms of the problem, but not causes.

3. Specify

The decision objectives have to be specified, and the likely risks and the constraints should be considered what the decision-makers expect to be achieved is clarified.

4. Diagnose

The problem or situation is analyzed more thoroughly and the cause of the problem is scrutinized.

5. Develop

Alternative courses of action or solutions are developed. The options open to the company are discussed at length and the critical options are listed

6. Establish

At this stage, the methods or criteria to be used in the appraised the options or alternatives are established.

7. Appraise

Alternative solutions or courses of action should be appraised. Each alternative or option is evaluated. The costs of implementation of the alternatives would also be appraised. Both cost and benefited would be expressed in quantitative and qualitative terms.

8. Choose

The best alternative solution or course of action is chosen.

9. Implement

The best alternative solution or course of action is implemented and the detailed operational plan is discussed.

P Decision Rationality

The most often used definition of rationality in decision making is that it is a means to an end. If appropriate means are chosen to reach desired ends, the decision is said to be rational. However, there are many complications to this simple test of rationality. To begin with, it is very difficult to separate means from ends because an apparent end may be only a means for some future end. This idea is commonly referred to as the means - end chain or hierarchy.

One way to clarify means-ends rationality is to attach appropriate qualifying adverbs to the various type of rationality.

1. Objective Rationality

Can be applied to decisions that maximize given values in a given situation.

2. Subjective Rationality

Might be used if the decision maximize attainment relative to knowledge of the given subject.

3. Conscious Rationality

Might be applied to decision in which adjustment of means to ends is a conscious process.

4. Deliberately Rational

A decision is deliberately rational to the degree that adjustment of means to ends has been deliberately sought by the individual or the organization.

5. Organizationally Rational

A decision is organizationally rational to the extent that it is aimed at the organizational goal.

6. Personally Rational

A decision is personally rational if it is directed towards the individual's goal.

Q4. What is Perception? Explain the factors influencing the perceptual process.

Ans

Several factors influences how we process the perceptual inputs and transform them into outputs. People behave on the basis of what they perceive reality to be not necessarily as what reality is. Three influences on the concept of perception are described below. The influences are

1. The characteristics of the Perceiver.

2. The characteristics of the Perceived.

3. The characteristics of the Situation.

1. The characteristics of the Perceiver.

A person's needs, habit, impact, past experience; ethics and values, attitudes and personality all influences the perception process.

P Needs and Motive

Our need patterns play an important part in how we perceive things.

P Self-Concept

Self- concept connotes how we perceive our self, which then influences how we perceive other and the situation we are in.

P Our ethics values and culture

Our ethics, values and culture upbringing also play an important role in our perception about others. It is difficult to perceive the personality of a person raised in another culture because our judgment is based upon our values.

P Past Experience

Our attitude towards other is also influences by our previous experiences with them. Our past experiences with them. Our past experiences would the way we perceive our current situation.

P Current Emotional State

If an individual is depressed, he is likely to perceive the same situation differently than if the individual is elated. Thus, the emotional and psychological states of the individual are also likely to influence how things are perceived.

2. The characteristics of the Perceived

It may defy logic and objectivity but we cannot deny that our perceptions about others are influenced by their physical characteristics such as appearance, facial expressions, age, gender, manner of communication as well as personality traits and other forms of behaviors.

Thus, People interpret the meaning of what they have selectively perceived and organized in terms of their own assumptions of people, things and situations. They make attribution while interpreting data. Individuals also tend to be judgmental and distort information while interpreting events. Thus, subjectivity judgmental attitudes distortion or totally ignoring some stimuli could very bias our interpretational of the data that we selectively perceive and organize conveniently to suit our cognitive process.

3. The characteristics of the Situation

The Physical, social, organizational setting, in which an event occurs, as well as the timing of events, can influence how we interpret stimuli. Location of a given event is also an important factor in determining behavior. For e.g. you will behave with your boss differently at a social function than in office.

CASE STUDY

1. Critically analyze the attitude and action of Mr. Ravinder Rao.

Ans:

Basically Mr Ravinder Rao was an all-rounder, who did exceedingly well in his studies as well as other extracurricular activities. With in a short period of 5 years by his good job and hard work he rose to the position of Project Manager.

But when we are to discuss about his attitude , first and the foremost thing what we see his unsteady mind. Because, even though he was studying well, he discontinued his studies showing his financial crisis. But after joining in an organization, he decided to resign his job and again go for studies.

A man rather a human being should first set goals in his life and then should work hard to achieve his goal. When a goal is fixed then only we can plan our life accordingly and take necessary actions to proceed step by step to achieve these goals. But Mr.Rao seems have got no specific goals.

When he was studying, he wanted to go for job to rid over his financial crises. But when he was an employment, gradually he lost his interest even though it is mainly because of dissatisfied working environment.

If he is proceeding towards some goal, then he will not resign his job in order to continue his studies. He can as well selected or carried out studies by continuing his employment itself by doing as a part time course .

Therefore, after analyzing the attitude and action, Mr. Rao seems to be an unsteady minded human being.

2. If you were Mr.S S Pai what advice would you give Mr.Rao and why ?

Ans:

If I was Mr. S S Pai , I would have advised him to proceed his studies and go for MBA degree . Because, he is very good in his studies also apart from doing good job. So an Organization should also give due care on the career development of his employees.

I would have never at least discouraged Mr. Rao by saying that for a talented person like Mr.Rao, a MBA degree would make no difference.

Rather, I would have explained him the company policy of not granting any study leave but could have helped by way of giving some education advance which can be deducted from his monthly installments over the period of certain years. This is mainly to reduce his financial burden as it is one of the constraints for him to discontinue his studies.

I would have also suggested him not to go for resignation as he will totally be handicapped if he desires to go for full time degree course. I would have suggested him to take MBA degree course as a part time course, so that he works to earn money and studies to acquire more knowledge and obtain qualification.

MB03 – 02 : MARKETING MANAGEMENT

2009-06-30T08:28:00.000-07:00

1. Explain the socio-economic factors affecting the marketing environment

Ans:

The first macro environmental force that marketers monitor is population because people make up markets. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of the population in different cities, regions, and nations; age distribution and ethnic mix; educational levels; household patterns; and regional characteristics and

Movements.

P Worldwide population growth.

The world population is showing “explosive” growth. It totaled 5.4 billion in 1991 and is growing at 1.7% per year. At this rate, the world’s population will reach 6.2 billion by the year 2000.6.

The world population explosion has been a source of major concern, for two life (fuel, foods, and so forth) are limited and are likely to run out at some point. First published in 1972, The Limits to Growth presented an impressive array of evidence that unccheck3ed population growth and consumption would eventually resulting insufficiently food supply, depletion of key minerals, overcrowding, pollution, and overall deterioration in the quality of life.7 One of the study’s strong recommendations is the worldwide social ,marketing of gamily planning.8

The second cause for concern is that population growth is highest in countries and communities that can least afford it. The less developed regions of the world currently account for 76% of the world population and are growing at 2% per year, while the population in the more developed countries is growing at only 0.6%per year. In the developing countries, the death rate has been falling as a result of modern medicine, but the birth rate has remained fairly stable. Feeding, clothing, and educating their children while also providing a rising standard of living is out of the question in these countries.

P Population age mix.

National populations vary in their age mix. At one extreme is Mexico, a country with a very young population and rapid population growth. At the other extreme is Japan, a country with one of the world’s oldest populations. Products

High importance in Mexico would be milk, diapers school supplies, and toys. Japan’s population will consume many more adult products.

P Ethnic markets.

Countries vary in their ethnic and racial makeup. A at one extreme is Japan, where almost everyone is Japanese; at the other extreme is the United States; with people from virtually all nations. The United States was or9iginally called a “melting pot” but there are increasing signs that the melting didn’t occur. Now people call the United states a “salad bowl” society with ethnic groups maintaining their ethnic differences, neighborhoods, and cultures. The U.S.population (261 million in 1994)is 76%white, African-Americans constitute another 12% and Latinos another 9 percent. The Latino population has been growing fast, with the largest subgroups of Mexican (5.4%), Puerto Rican (1.1%) and Cuban Chinese constituting the largest group, followed by the Filipinos, Japanese, Asian Indians, and Koreans, in that order. Latino and Asian American consumers are concentrated in the far western and southern parts of the country, although some dispersal is taking place. Finally, there are 5 million practicing Muslims in the United States.

Each population group has certain specific wants and buying habits. Several food, clothing, and furniture companies have directed their products and promotions to one or more of these groups, For instance, Sears is taking note of the preferences of different ethnic groups;

P Educational groups.

The population in any society falls into five educational groups: illiterates, high school dropouts, high school degrees, college degrees, and professional degrees. In Japan, 99% of the population is literate, while in the United States 10% to 15% of the population may be functionally illiterate. However, the United States has one of the world’s highest percentages of college-educated citizenry, around 36 percent. The high number of educated people in the United States spells a high demand for quality books, magazines, and travel.

P Household patterns.

The “traditional household” consists of a husband, wife and children (and sometimes grandparents). In the United States today, the traditional household is no longer the dominant household pattern. Marketers must increasingly consider the special needs of no traditional households, since they are now growing more rapidly than traditional households.

P Geographical shifts in population.

The 1990s is a period of great migratory movements between countries and within countries. As a result of the collapse of Soviet Eastern Europe, nationalities are reasserting themselves and forming independent countries. The new countries are making certain ethnic groups unwelcome ( such as Russians in Latvia, or Muslims in Serbia), and many of these groups are migrating to safer areas. As foreign groups enter other countries for political sanctuary, some local groups start protesting . In the United States, there has been opposition to the influx of immigrants from Mexico, the Caribbean, and certain Asian nations.

P Economic environment

Markets require purchasing power as well as people. The available purchasing power in an economy depends on current income, prices, savings, dept, and credit availability. Marketers must pay close attention to major trends in income and consumer spending patterns.

P Income distribution.

Income distribution is related to a country’s industrial structure but is also affected by the political system. Marketers often distinguish countries with five different income-distribution patterns: (1) very low incomes, 92) mostly low incomes,(3) very low very high incomes,(4) low, medium, high incomes, and (5)mostly medium incomes. Consider the market for Lamborghini, an automobile costing more than $100,000. The market would be very small in countries with type 1 or 2 income patterns. One of the largest single markets for Lamborghini’s turns out to be Portugal (income pattern3)_ one of the poorest countries in Western Europe, but one with enough wealthy families to afford expensive cars.

In the United States, there is some evidence that the rich have grown richer, the middle class has shrunk, and the poor have remained poor. This is leading to a two-tier U.S. market with affluent people buying expensive goods and working class people spending more carefully, shopping at discount stores and factory outlet malls, and selecting; less expensive store brands. Conventional retailers who offer medium-price goods are the most vulnerable to these changes.

P Savings, debt and credit availability.

Consumer savings, debt, and credit availability affect consumer expenditures. The Japanese, for example, save about 18% of their income, while U.S. consumers save about 6 percent. The result is that Japanese banks have been able to loan out money to Japanese companies at a much lower interest rate than U.S.banks could offer to U.S. companies. Access to lower interest rates has helped Japanese companies expand faster. U.S. consumers also have a high debt-to-income ratio, which retards further expenditures on housing and large-ticket items. Credit is very available in the United States but at fairly high interest rates, especially to lower-income borrowers. Marketers must pay careful attention to any major changes incomes, cost of living, interest rates, savings, and borrowing patterns because they can have a high impact on business, especially in companies whose products have high income and price sensitivity.

2. “Pavlov’s experiments on salivating the dogs have considerable relevance for a marketing man”. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ans:

The influence of social sciences on buyer behavior has promoted marketing experts to propound certain models for explaining buyer behavior. Broadly, they include the economic model, the learning model, the psychoanalytical model and the sociological model.

P The learning model:

According to the learning model, which takes its cue from the Pavlovian stimulus response theory, buyer behavior can be influenced by manipulating the drives, stimuli and responses of the buyer. The model rests on man’s ability at learning, forgetting and discriminating. The stimulus response learning theory states that there develops a bond between behavior producing stimulus and a behavior response (S>R Bond) on account of the conditioning of behavior and formation of habits. This theory may be traced to Pavlov and his experiments on salivating dogs. Pavlov’s experiments brought out associations by conditioning.

In his well-known research with dogs, a bell was rung every time food was served to a dog. Eventually, the dog started salivating each time upon hearing the bell though no food was served. The dogs behavior is conditioned; it is related to behavior-producing stimulus (bell ringing) and behavior learnt by the object _dog. In terms of consumer behavior, an advertisement would be a stimulus whereas purchase would be a response.

Learning Process: According to the stimulus-response and reinforcement.

3. As a consultant suggest a suitable market segmentation strategy for the manufactures of

a) Bicycles

b) Cosmetics

c) Wick –stoves

a ) Bicycles:

The modern marketing concept starts with the definition of target markets. The target marketing has its roots in the marketing age. Target marketing helps the marketer to correctly identify the markets – the group of customers for whom the product is designed. Here two alternative different needs: One, to treat the target market as a single unit – one aggregate market and draft one marketing-mix for them. This approach is known as the ‘shotgun’ approach. Today, the shotgun approach works only if different products satisfying different needs, so far, are combined in one product. Two the total market is viewed as consisting of small segments and the consumer differences necessitate different marketing-mixes for each of them. Based on the capabilities of a company, the selection of the segments takes place. This is known as the ‘rifle’ approach – separate marketing programs with specific targets.

b) Cosmetics:

Once it is learnt that consumers would not accept standard products, the marketer might try to provide different sizes, colors, shapes, features and qualities to attract them. The product variety approach satisfies a customer more than standardized one model products. For example, when Maruti 800 was introduced into Indian roads, it was a variety product (variety compared to Premier Padmini) because it used two versions Standard and Deluxe with different colors. This type of philosophy might satisfy a customer for the moment, soon the customer discovers that the offered product does not fit into different needs, car for sports, family, commercial purposes long travel and hilly areas. The product-variety approach does not call for proper segmentation of the market. This is carried by the target marketing.

c) Wick stoves:

Before the onset of the marketing age, there was widespread adoption of mass marketing. mass production, distribution and promotion. That is, offering the same product and applying the same marketing-mix to all consumers assuming that there is no significant marketers felt that the consumer differences in education, income, offering them standardized product without suitable modifications. The Coca Cola company follows this approach. It designs its marketing program to appeal to all buyers. The Company feels that no segmentation is necessary. This is undifferentiated marketing strategy. But if a toothpaste of standard size is offered to a student (living in a hostel) a nuclear family (having three to-four persons) and a joint family (having more than 4 persons), the offered toothpaste might last many months for a student some months for a nuclear family, and last for about a month for a joint family. There seems a need to demulsify the marketing efforts. This type of marketing is well-suited for fruits, vegetables, Over- The-Counter (OTC) drugs, chocolates, bakery items, stationery items etc.

CASE STUDY

1. Did the wholesalers be regarded as a necessary nuisance ?

Ans:

The wholesalers can be regarded as a necessary nuisance without whom the distributors can not distribute more quantum of product for sales. In stead of having more number of retailers and sell the product, it is always better to have few number of whole sellers and sell the product. The main reason is that, we can control over the price of our product. We can be sure of market trend and act accordingly.

But at the same time, wholesalers should not given too much of privilege on the price of the product. They should be given a cut off maximum rate at which he can sell the product to the retailers.

2. Should the number of wholesalers be increased, maintained or reduced or eliminated ?

Ans:

The wholesalers should never be reduced. Once the number of wholesalers reduced , then it will be difficult task for the management to sell the product through retailers.

The number of wholesalers need not be maintained at the same level. If an organization would like to increase its sales more and more then, it is not advisable to maintain the same number of wholesalers over the period.

Therefore, the number of wholesalers should be increased, in order to sell more quantum of products over the years. If an Organization is willing to increase its sales , then obviously it has to increase the number of wholesalers year by year. But at the same time, it should try to keep the number of wholesalers with in certain boundaries. If the demand is less from the public and the number of wholesalers are more, then it will create an adverse effect . Therefore, it is always better to have required number of wholesalers according the need and trend of the market.

3. How could the distribution be strengthened?

Ans:

The distribution can be strengthened in the following ways :

· There should be proper supply of product to the distributors to keep them always available for meeting out the orders from wholesalers and retailers.

· There should be proper system of analyzing the demand in the market and accordingly products can be provided to the distributors in order to avoid over stocking in the hands of wholesalers.

· The distributors should be made aware of the company’s policy in respect of pricing of the product.

· The Management should be very careful while selecting or appointing distributors for their product. It has to be more selective in appointing capable and effective distributors.

· There should be regular order taking from the distributor and good communication, smooth correspondence between the distributor and the management.

MBA 001

2009-06-30T08:21:00.000-07:00

MI 14 - 02 E-BUSINESS AND IT LAW

2009-06-11T09:56:00.001-07:00

MI 14 - 02
E-BUSINESS AND IT LAW

Q.1 Discuss the law relating to instantaneous communications and formation of
Contracts.
The new unified Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the new Contract Law) was adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on 15 March 1999 and came into force on 1 October 1999. Simultaneously, the Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Economic Contracts), the Law of the People's Republic of China on Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interests (hereinafter referred to as the Foreign Economic Contract Law) and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Technology Contracts (hereinafter referred to as the Technology Contract Law), the three laws collectively referred to as the three former contract laws, were abrogated.
Structurally, the new Contract Law is divided into three parts - General Provisions, Specific Provisions and Supplementary Provisions - with 23 Chapters featuring 428 Articles. The first part - General Provisions - has 8 Chapters: General Provisions; Conclusion of Contracts; Effectiveness of Contracts; Performance of Contracts; Modi-fication and Assignment of Contracts; Termination of the Rights and Obligations of Contracts; Liability for Breach of Contracts; Miscellaneous Provisions. The second part - Specific Provisions - contains 15 Chapters dealing with 15 types of contract: Sales; Supply and Use of Electricity, Water, Gas or Heating; Donation; Loans; Lease; Financial Lease; Hired Works; Construction Projects; Transport; Technology; Storage; Warehousing; Mandate; Commission Agency; Intermediation. The Supplementary Provisions contain one Article on the effectiveness of the new Contract Law and provides for the abrogation of the three former Contract Laws.
In drafting the new Contract Law, the Chinese legislators referred extensively to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts.1 Many Articles of the new Contract Law, in particular those in the chapter on General Provisions, are similar in spirit to the UNIDROIT Principles. From a practical point of view, it seemed insufficient to have only general provisions without specific rules to deal with concrete cases, and this is why specific provisions were included to regulate different kinds of contract
Q.2 Explain the FSTC systems. Also mention their advantages.

The FSTC shall engage in various activities in order to promote fuzzy systems as a viable technology, including but not limited to the following: recommend candidates to the Awards Committee for the CIS Pioneer Award in Fuzzy Systems area and the Technical Field Award, nominate papers for Best Paper Awards to the Awards Committee from papers published in the Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, propose special sessions to the CIS-sponsored conference organizers, participate in paper reviews and selection for CIS-sponsored conferences and publications, promote IEEE Senior Members and Fellows program, collaborate on production of tutorials, and book series with the Multimedia Committee, maintain the Committee’s website, facilitate local chapters activities and organize specialized workshops or meetings. The FSTC will assist in soliciting conference proposals and actively work with the organizers of CIS sponsored conferences to ensure their technical excellence.

Q.3 Discuss the U.N model law on Carriage of Goods.
The commentary by the drafters of Part Two of the Model Law states:
"In preparing the Model Law, the Commission noted that the carriage of goods was the context in which electronic communications were most likely to be used and in which a legal framework facilitating the use of such communications was most urgently needed. "
Q.4 Explain the following Cyber crimes:
(a) Computer crimes.
(b) Indecency.

(a) Computer crimes.

The international nature of the Internet means that any attempt to deal with Internet-related crime will always be complicated by questions of jurisdiction. Laws vary from country to country and UK police have no power to intervene directly against criminal material on computers in another country or against criminals operating in another country.

Efforts to combat problems such as extreme hardcore porn, racist hate crime or malicious attempts to interfere with computer systems depend upon co-operation between law enforcement agencies in different countries and, vitally, upon the voluntary co-operation of the Internet industry. The UK has recently established a National High Tech Crime Unit to deal with technology related crimes that run across conventional police boundaries and require specialist investigation skills.

This section outlines avenues that are open in London for dealing with computer crime and internet-related crime.

Illegal or offensive material on websites, newsgroups, chatrooms etc
Hacking and other computer crimes
Offensive e-mails
Viruses

Illegal or offensive material on websites, newsgroups etc.

UK police can only take direct action where material falls within their jurisdiction. In the case of the Metropolitan Police this generally means Greater London, although certain specialist Met units have a national remit. It often happens that offensive websites reported to us turn out to be based in another country. However, if:

the people who created the material are in the UK
or if the material has been published from or downloaded onto computers in the UK
or if it might be evidence of offences committed in the UK
or if it might be evidence of crimes committed by UK citizens travelling abroad
then it may be a matter for The Met or for another UK force.

It has to be stressed that the police can only act against material that breaks the law.
There is a great deal of material on the Internet that might cause offence but which is not technically illegal. If you want to report illegal material then you should follow the procedure below.

In 1996 major Internet firms in the UK came together with the police to establish the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) to act as a focus for removing illegal material from the Internet. It provides a hotline service to enable Internet users to report material they believe may be illegal. The IWF assesses the material and then notifies the service provider and the police.

Reporting illegal internet material through the IWF

The IWF is only able to deal with material that falls into the following three categories:
Child Pornography located anywhere in the world
Adult material that would breach the Obscene Publications Act, but only if the offending site or service is hosted or registered in the UK.
Criminally racist material - but only if it is physically hosted in the UK

Hacking and other computer crime

The Metropolitan Police Service Computer Crime Unit deals with crimes such as hacking and virus writing. They can be contacted by calling the

The Computer Crime Unit is part of the Specialist Crime operational command unit within the Met's Specialist Operations Command. The Computer Crime Unit works together with other specialist units, both within the Metropolitan Police and at a national and international level.

Offensive e-mails

If you are concerned about "spam" or general unwanted e-mail, do not automatically assume that it is coming from where it seems to come from. There are various ways in which "spammers" can give false addresses.

Police can generally only assist in criminal matters and there is little that they can do in relation to general "spam", such as commercial advertising and campaign mailing, especially if it turns out that it originates from another country. Your internet service provider may be able to provide advice on identifying the origin of e-mail and on selectively blocking messages.

If someone is exploiting personal information about you in order to send you unwanted e-mail they may be breaching data protection laws. In the UK the authority responsible for overseeing data protection laws is the Information Commissioner.

If you feel you are in danger as a result of threatening or offensive e-mails, please contact your local police station. If you think you are the victim of a stalker then be careful not to destroy evidence that might be useful to police. Keep copies of e-mails on disk and print out hard copies. Do not delete the original. For more advice see our section on Advice to victims of stalkers

Viruses
Please do not try to notify us of viruses. There are three main reasons for this:
A great many virus alerts are hoaxes - the forwarding of hoaxes in the belief that they are real has become such a problem that it is now sometimes classified as a type of virus in itself!

If you e-mail us and you really do have a virus then you may be passing that virus on to us. The IT industry and law enforcement agencies around the world have established systems to alert each other about genuine virus threats.

Only if you are an IT systems manager and you believe that a possible virus may be part of an attempt to hack or otherwise misuse your system should you contact us direct. (See section on "Hacking, computerised fraud and other computer crime")

If you are a computer user and you think you may have a virus you should contact your systems administrator if you have one. If you are a lone user then you can obtain information (and in some cases submit reports) through the websites of major anti-virus software companies (see below).

Q.6 Briefly explain the importance of firewall

The main purpose of a firewall is to control access to or from a computer for security purposes.

A firewall is a software program, hardware device, or a combination of both that monitors the information coming through the Internet connection into your computer. The firewall will only let information in that you asked for. A firewall will also monitor information going out from your computer to the internet. It will only let information out that you say can go out.

A firewall protects your network from unwanted Internet traffic. The primary functions of a firewall are to let good traffic pass through while ‘bad’ traffic gets blocked. The most important part of a firewall is its access control features that distinguish between good and bad traffic

When installed, a firewall exists between your computer(s) and the Internet. The firewall lets you request web pages, download files, chat, etc. while making sure other people on the internet can not access services on your computer like file or print sharing. Some firewalls are pieces of software that run on your computer. Other firewalls are built into hardware and protect your whole network from attacks.

Everyone connected to the Internet should be running some sort of firewall. Programs can be downloaded on the Internet that can scan huge ranges of IP address for vulnerabilities like file sharing services. These programs are easy to download and run. Almost no network knowledge is needed to use these programs to exploit or harm your computer. Any kind of firewall will keep you safe from these types of attacks.

Software Firewall
Software firewalls are programs that run on your computer and nestle themselves between your network card software drivers and your operating system. They intercept attacks before your operating system can even acknowledge them. Many free firewalls of this type exist on the Internet. Here are some free firewalls

Simple NAT firewall

The firewalls that are built into broadband routers and software like Microsoft ICS are very simple firewalls. They protect your LAN by not letting anyone figure out how to ‘directly’ talk to any of the computers on your LAN. This level of protection will keep out almost all kinds of hackers. Advanced hackers may be able to take advantage of certain inadequacies of NAT based firewalls, but they are few and far between.

Firewalls with stateful packet inspection

The new trend in home networking firewalls is called stateful packet inspection. This is an advanced form of firewall that examines each and every packet of data as it travels through the firewall. The firewall scans for problems in the packet that might be a symptom of a ‘denial of service’ (dos) attack or advanced attacks.

Most people are never subject to these types of attacks, but there are some areas of the Internet that invite these kinds of attacks. Most often, these attacks come from being involved in certain kinds of competitive on-line gaming or participating in questionable mIrc channels.

Q.7 Explain the digital signature with example.

Exchanging documents over the Internet is common in e-commerce. Such documents often contain sensitive information—for example, legal contracts, information concerning technological innovation, financial transactions. To prevent hackers from intercepting and reading e-commerce documents traveling through e-space, you must encrypt those documents. If you want your documents to be truly secure, however, you must sign them digitally. A digital signature on an e-commerce document serves as a guarantor of data origin, integrity, and nonrepudiation. When a customer digitally signs an online purchase order, for example, the merchandiser—through the document's digital signature—can identify the customer who originated the order, can verify that no one tampered with the contents of the order in transit, and has proof that a particular customer made a specific order.

Digital signatures have been with us since 1976, when Diffie and Hellman introduced the digital signature as an application of public key cryptography. Only recently, however, have businesses and governments started to use digital signature technology to protect sensitive documents on the World Wide Web. In September 1998, President Bill Clinton and Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern digitally signed an intergovernmental e-commerce document that is the world's first such document to use digital signature technology. Microsoft used digital signature technology to develop Authenticode technology, which secures Web-downloadable codes.

As the need for digital signature technology grows, several software companies, including Entrust Technologies and Network Associates, have delivered commercial security software that lets users employ digital signatures to secure e-commerce documents. In this article, I'll explain digital signature technology. I'll also discuss some currently available digital signature software products and offer guidelines to help you plan your company's digital signature solution

What Is a Digital Signature?

Digital signature technology grew out of public key cryptography. In public key cryptography, you have two keys: a private key and a public key. When you send a document to someone, you use your private key to sign the document. When recipients receive the signed document, they use the sender's public key to authenticate the document.

Figure illustrates the digital signature process. Suppose you want to send a digitally signed document to John. After you create the document, you pass it through a message hash algorithm. The algorithm generates a hash of the document that is a checksum of the contents of the document. You then encrypt the message hash with your private key. The result is a digital signature. You append this digital signature to the document to form a digitally signed document, then send it to John.

When John receives the document, he passes the document contents through the same message hash algorithm that you used, and creates a new hash. At the same time, John uses your public key to decrypt your digital signature, thereby converting the signature to the original hash. John then compares the newly generated hash and the original hash. If the hashes match, John can be sure that the document he received is really from you and that no one altered it during transmission. If the hashes don't match, John knows that tampering or a transmission error changed the document contents.

The most commonly used message hash algorithms are Message Digest 5 (MD5) and Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1). MD5 can produce a 128-bit hash, and SHA-1 can produce a 160-bit hash. The hash algorithm is a one-way function that generates a one-way hash. Therefore, no one can derive original document contents from a message hash. The chance that two documents will have the same hash is almost zero. For example, the possibility that MD5 will output the same hash for two different documents is 1/2128. (2128 translates into about 1,500 documents for every square meter of the earth's surface.)

Sikkim Manipal Univ. Sample Papers & Assignments

Production and Operation Management - 1

Marketing Management Questions - 1

MB 0022 - 1

Management Information System - 2

anagement Process and Organisation Behaviour - 1

Management Information System - 1

Financial Management Questions - 1

Project Management MB0033 - 2

Project Management MB0033 - 1

Operation Research Type A

Operation Research MB0032

MI 22 - 02 (C#)

MI11-01 - C++ (Semester 2)

MB07 – 02 : MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

MB06 – 02 : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

D(Rs.)

MB05 – 02 : OPERATION MANAGEMENT

MB04 – 02 : HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MB02 – 02 : INTERNET APPLICATION

MB01 – 02 : MANAGEMENT PROCESS and ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR

MB03 – 02 : MARKETING MANAGEMENT

P Economic environment

3. As a consultant suggest a suitable market segmentation strategy for the manufactures of

MBA 001

MI 14 - 02 E-BUSINESS AND IT LAW