MB09 – 01 : MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ABSORPTION AND IPR 1.2

3: What is technology Commercialization Give example.;
It is also necessary to consider , in some depth, the process of domestic development of technology and its commercialsation. It hardly needs reiteration that after independence, with phenomenal expenditure, India has built up a massive infrastructure for scientific and technological research with an industrial and defence sector.
The research laboratories of the CSIR and to a lesser extent of the DRDO, were originally set up on the premise that the mere assemblage of scientists in laboratories and letting them loose to do research on scientific problems of their interest and choice would automatically result in contributing to the industrialization of the country, or to its defense preparedness.
The critical importance of ensuring adoption of the results of R&D was hardly given any intellectual attention, let alone governmental action. As a result, the building of the industrial capacity of the country proceeded in the period 1955-1970 almost totally on the basis of imported technology, while the scientific research capacity was built up largely independently of the nation’s industrialization effort, i.e., the Pseudo Transfers discussed earlier. What was staffed at their inception from the only pool of scientific manpower available viz. The universities, the laboratories tended to have far closer interactions with the universities than with industries.
In the decades following independence, substantial, sums were invested in CSIR and DRDO laboratories and questions were rightly being raised as to what tangible economic returns the nation had secured from this investment. The debate shifted the focus for the first time from ‘Science’ and ‘Scientific Research’s ‘Technology and Technological Innovation’s the key issue, even as far as the domestic R&D
System was concerned.

3 b) What are the various implications of Innovation.
Implications for Policy Making
We can draw several important deductions from such an innovation chain, relevant to policy making:
1. Due importance to total cost considerations be given in the innovation chain. While the ratio between resource requirements for various stages in the chain will vary from product to peoduct. Studies have shown that, in a majority of cases the distribution of costs across the chain varies. Research, Advanced Development and Basic Invention(5-10%), Engineering and Designing the Prooduct (10-20%), Tooling-Manufacturing Engineering, Getting Ready for Manufacture (40-60%), Manufacturing Start-up Expenses (5-15%) and Marketing Start-up Expenses(10-25%)
2. Innovation is also inextricably concerned with interfaces –technical interfaces, economic interfaces, institutional and behavioral interfaces, and it is on the identification of such interfaces and on ensuring smooth and effective flow of information and action across each of them, that successful innovation largely depends.
3. The fact that administrative control over each section in the chain frequently lies in the hands of different organizations, makes such interfaces often no-maan’s lands. This requires that, aat least, in the early stages of the development of an industry, the innovation process as a whole must be conceived, planned, promoted and co-ordinatede by a single over-riding managerial authority.
4. The activities in the chain are, by and large, sequential in occurrence. But, and this is an important provision, the activities also overlap considerably on all the counts mentioned earlier. They also overlap in terms of time. This provides some scope for undertaking activities in parallel, thereby shortening the total innovation lead time.
5. Each activity will take a certain minimum amount of time, no ,matter how large an investment in men and money is made on it. Therefore, the tome-phasing of the various activities in the chain plays a crucial role in ensuring that the innovation is successful.
6. There is a resource threshold, in terms of annual outlay on men, equipment and material for each segment of the chain, which must be crossed if the project is to move to the next segment in any finite time interval.
7. The magnitude of such critical or threshold level of resources required to complete each activity is far from uniform across the chain. However, in general, it increases as one moves towards the final stages of the chain.
8. The kinds of skills and aptitudes, which the manpower deployed in each of these stages, need to have, vary considerably, particularly in regards to specialization. The development of manpower must therefore be undertaken keeping in mind the nature of the activity and each type of professional to be deployed on.

4 What factors are important in the process of technology licensing agreement?
Licensing
Licensing is the transfer of than ownership rights in intellectual property to a third party , to permit the third party to use intellectual property . Licensing can be exclusive or non exclusive , for a specific field of use, for a specific geographical area . If ownership is transferred , it is called an assignment .
The transfer of technology through licensing is a useful method for capturing economic rents of technological innovations. Small technology enterprises can benefit from technological licensing. A small firm usually benefits more by licensing its technology than trying to commercialize it. The commercialization of new technologies requires a high expenditure of resources, generally beyond the means of many small entrepreneurial enterprises. Small enterprises, according to Chung to benefit from technological licensing, must overcome their intial nativete by concentrating on the economic and strategic aspects of the process.
These small enterprises must broaden operational perspective, scope, and build credibility and expertise. To further benefit from technological licensing, small enterprises should improve exchange and interaction capabilities, and enhance experience and responsibility.