MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR - 2

4. What is leadership? What are the characteristics?

Ans:

Leadership is a process of influence on a group. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Leadership ia a great quality and it can create and convert anything. Leadership is a psychological process of influencing flowers (subordinates) and providing guidance, directing and leading the people in an organization towards attainmen5t of the objectives of the enterprise.

Characteristic Features of Leadership
 Leadership implies the existence of followers
We appraise the qualities of leadership by studying his followers. In an organization leaders are also followers. Thus, in a formal organization a leader has to be able to be both a leader as well as a follower, and be able to relate himself both upward and downward.
 Leadership involves a community of interest between the leader and his followers
In other words, the objectives of both the leader and his men are one and same. If the leader strives for one purpose and his team of workers work for some other purpose, it is no leadership.
 Leadership involves an unequal distribution of authority among leaders and group members
Leaders can direct some of the activities of group members. The group members are compelled or are willing to obey most of leader's directions. The group members cannot similarly direct the leader's activities, though they will obviously affect those activities in a number of ways.
 Leadership is a process of influence
Leadership implies that leaders can influence their followers or subordinates in addition to being able to give their followers or subordinates legitimate directions.
 Leadership is the function of stimulation
Leadership is the function of motivating people to strive willingly to attain organizational objectives. A successful leader allows his subordinates(followers) to have their individual goals set up by themselves in such a way that they do not conflict with the organizational objectives.
 A Leader must be exemplary
Leader must set an ideal before his followers. He must stimulate his followers for hard and sincere work by is personal behavior.
 A Leader ensures absolute justice
A Leader must be objective and impartial. He should not follow unfair practices like favoritism and nepotism. He must show fair play and absolute justice in all his decision and actions.



CASE STUDY
1. Explain the motivational problem in this case by relating it to Herzberg's theory.
Ans :
Herzberg developed a theory of motivation on the premise that human nature has two separate elements - The motivators and maintenance factors. According to this theory of motivation the items that determine job content are considered motivation factors e.g. Achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and the work itself. The elements that influence the job context are the hygiene or maintenance factors e.g. company policy, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions etc. They must be adequate and if they are absent or inadequate, they will create dissatisfaction.

Hygiene Factors
Hygiene factors represent the need to avoid pain in the environment. They are not an intrinsic part of a job, but they are related to the condition under which job is performed. They are associated with negative feelings. They must be viewed as preventive measures that remove sources of dissatisfaction from environment.
Motivators
Motivators are associated with positive feelings of employee about the job. They make people satisfied with their job. Motivators are necessary to keep job satisfaction and job performance high. On the other hand, if they are not present they do not prove highly satisfying. Motivational Factors or satisfiers are directly related to job content itself ,the individual performance of it, its responsibilities and the growth and recognition obtained from it. Motivators are intrinsic to the job.

2. Analyze the problem in depth and find out a solution to the problem.
Ans
There is a need of a sound system of motivation to make the workers put forth their best efforts. A sound system of motivation should have the following essential features.

1. It should satisfy the needs and objective of both organization and employees.
2. Motivational system should change with the changes in the situation.
3. Jobs should be designed in such a way as to provide challenges and variety.
4. Managers should recruit the active co-operation of subordinates in improving the organization's output. Subordinates should be made to realize that they are stakeholders in the organization.
5. The motivation system should satisfy the different needs of employees. It should be directly related to the efforts of the employee.
6. The motivational system should be simple so that they simply understood the system.

3. If you were the HR Manager how would you motivate the employees so they work better.
Ans: Several factors influences human behavior. There are numerous drives and needs which can act as good motivators moving people to work and getting things done through them as per the plan. People respond to physiological needs, social needs and egoistic needs. Human needs and desire are the doorways through which the manager channelizes his motivation efforts. There are three types of motivational programmers to improve a person’s behavior towards his job. These are
• Pay incentive plans
• Job enrichment and
• Management by objective
There are four important factors governing employee response to the measures of motivation.
1. The intensity or urge of the Drive.
2. Past Experience - can he rely upon the promise given by the boss.
3. Amount of Reward - The quantity and quality of the reward can influence the amount of extra effort put forth by employee.
4. Time Relationship of Response to Reward - Long range promises are less effective than immediate fulfillment.